PSYC100 up to Week 20

What factors influence the typicality of category members?

Typicality is influenced by the frequency of encountering objects and the presence of features common to the category.

What is the role of the amygdala in the social brain?

The amygdala is involved in recognizing emotional states of others, playing a key role in social perception.

What is the traditional assumption about categories in cognitive development?

Categories were traditionally assumed to be well-defined with necessary and sufficient features for membership.

How do nature and nurture interact in cognitive development?

Nature (genes) and nurture (environment) work together to shape cognitive development through their influence on experiences and behaviors.

What is the significance of early intervention in autism?

Early intervention can support social difficulties in autistic individuals, potentially improving their social interactions and outcomes.

How does the development of depth perception exemplify the nature-nurture interaction?

Depth perception development requires both visual experiences (nurture) and normal brain activity (nature) to progress.

How does Piaget's theory view cognitive development?

Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs through a series of discrete stages rather than continuous changes.

What is the Strange Situation procedure?

The Strange Situation is a method for assessing infant attachment styles by observing their behavior when separated and reunited with caregivers.

How do neuroimaging studies contribute to understanding autism?

Neuroimaging studies help identify biomarkers and distinct subgroups within autism, aiding in understanding its genetic basis.

What are the observable behaviors in securely attached infants during the Strange Situation?

Securely attached infants typically show distress upon separation and seek comfort from caregivers upon reunion.

What is the significance of phonemic awareness in early reading?

Phonemic awareness is a crucial skill that predicts reading achievement in later grades, influencing children's ability to read.

What is the family resemblance theory?

Family resemblance theory posits that many categories are hierarchical and that items may belong to multiple categories based on shared features.

What is the effect of social support on autistic individuals?

Social support from parents, friends, and teachers can positively impact the lives and development of autistic individuals.

What are concepts in cognitive psychology?

Concepts are mental representations that categorize objects, allowing for the extension of learned information to an infinite set of entities.

What is the impact of socioeconomic factors on children's cognitive skills?

Children from low-income backgrounds often lag in mathematical knowledge compared to affluent peers due to fewer numerical activities.

What is the concept of typicality in category membership?

Typicality refers to the idea that some items are more representative of a category than others, with typical members often referred to as prototypes.

What is the prototype theory?

Prototype theory suggests that people have a summary representation of a category based on a mental description that includes weighted features.

What are the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

ASD is characterized by profound difficulties in social interactions and communication, along with repetitive or restricted interests.

What are the implications of essentialism for group perceptions?

Essentialism influences how people perceive categories, often leading to rigid beliefs about group membership and traits.

How does cognitive development research challenge Piaget's stages?

Recent research suggests cognitive development is more continuous and influenced by specific experiences than Piaget initially claimed.

What is the definition of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism?

Phenotypic heterogeneity refers to the high variability in symptoms and genetic factors among individuals with autism.

What is the impact of cognitive development on reading skills in children?

Cognitive development, particularly phonemic awareness, significantly predicts future reading achievement in children.

What are the outcomes of secure versus insecure attachment in infants?

Secure attachment leads to confidence in caregivers and better emotional outcomes, while insecure attachment can result from inconsistent care.

What is the significance of the fusiform gyrus in autism?

The fusiform gyrus is critical for facial recognition, and reduced activity in this region is observed in individuals with autism.

What are the four stages of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?

The four stages are Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Preoperational (2-7 years), Concrete Operational (7-12 years), and Formal Operational (12+ years).

What is the basic level of categorization?

The basic level of categorization is the most preferred, offering a balance between specificity and generality, often labeled in neutral situations.

What does exemplar theory state about concept representation?

Exemplar theory posits that concepts are represented by specific examples encountered in memory rather than a summary representation.

How is autism diagnosed?

Autism diagnosis involves a combination of parental reports and clinical observations, focusing on social interaction difficulties.

What is psychological essentialism in the context of categories?

Psychological essentialism is the belief that some categories have an underlying essence that defines membership and influences features.

What is the role of the social brain in autism?

The social brain comprises interconnected structures that process social information, and its dysfunction is associated with social difficulties in autism.

What is the relationship between typicality and categorization speed?

Typical items are categorized faster and judged as members more often than atypical items in cognitive tasks.

What parenting style promotes competence and confidence in children?

Authoritative parenting, characterized by high but reasonable expectations, effective communication, warmth, and reasoning, fosters children's competence and confidence.

How do emotions function as rapid information-processing systems?

Emotions enable quick decision-making and adaptive responses to environmental challenges, minimizing the need for conscious thought.

What is the role of emotional expressions in marital relationships?

Facial expressions of emotion in couples can predict relationship satisfaction and potential conflicts, influencing marital dynamics.

What is the significance of secure attachment in early childhood?

Secure attachment is foundational for social and personality development, leading to stronger friendships, advanced emotional understanding, and positive self-view.

How does children's theory of mind develop?

Children's theory of mind evolves from understanding basic mental states to recognizing that others can hold mistaken beliefs and hide emotions.

What is the significance of moral self-development in young children?

By the end of preschool, children begin to see themselves as moral beings, influencing their behavior and conscience.

How do parent-child relationships change as children mature?

As children grow, they develop preferences and seek compromises, which can increase parent-child conflict and influence relationship quality.

What role does temperament play in personality development?

Temperament serves as a biological foundation for personality, interacting with environmental influences to shape individual growth.

How do children's social skills evolve through play?

Through play, children learn to coordinate goals and actions, enhancing their ability to collaborate and build friendships.

How do emotions facilitate social problem-solving?

Emotions signal interpersonal relationships and intentions, guiding responses and fostering cooperation in social contexts.

How do emotions influence memory?

Emotions color memories, making it easier to recall experiences associated with specific feelings, thus serving as 'neural glue' for information.

What is the impact of social comparison on children?

Social comparison can enhance self-evaluation but may also lead to low self-esteem and social anxiety.

What is the role of culture in emotional expression?

Culture shapes emotional expression norms, guiding individuals on how to manage and modify their emotional displays in social contexts.

What is the role of expectations in child development?

Reasonable parental expectations promote children's motivation and self-regulation, fostering overall development.

What is social referencing in infants?

Social referencing is when infants look to a caregiver's facial expression to gauge how to respond to unfamiliar situations.

How does social understanding develop in early childhood?

Social understanding develops through interactions and observations, leading to insights about others' thoughts and emotions.

How does the attachment behavioral system function according to Bowlby?

The attachment behavioral system functions like a thermostat, regulating proximity to the attachment figure based on perceived accessibility and attentiveness.

How do adult romantic relationships relate to attachment theory?

Adult romantic relationships mirror infant-caregiver attachment processes, characterized by safety, support, and unique communication.

What is co-regulation in the context of parent-child relationships during adolescence?

Co-regulation involves both parents and adolescents recognizing growing autonomy and adjusting authority relations to support independence.

What does Harlow's research on contact comfort reveal about infant attachment?

Harlow's research demonstrated that infants prioritize emotional connection and comfort from caregivers over basic needs like food.

How does divorce impact children and parent-child relationships?

Divorce introduces economic stress, necessitates renegotiation of relationships, and represents a significant adjustment phase for children.

How do peer relationships contribute to self-esteem?

Peer acceptance enhances self-esteem, while rejection can lead to behavioral issues, highlighting the importance of social validation.

What is the significance of play in developing social skills?

Play fosters essential social skills such as conflict resolution, collaboration, and emotional understanding among peers.

What cognitive developments are characteristic of adolescence?

Adolescence is marked by a shift to abstract thinking, improved memory and attention, and changes in the dopaminergic system affecting risk-taking behavior.

How do children learn gender identity?

Children develop gender identity through social interactions with parents, peers, and society, influencing their self-concept and behaviors.

What is the relationship between emotional intelligence and social engagement?

Higher emotional intelligence enhances an individual's ability to engage successfully in social interactions and navigate complex relationships.

How do early experiences influence adult attachment according to attachment theorists?

Early experiences provide a foundation for later attachment styles, influencing relational dynamics throughout life.

What is the relationship between conscience development and parental interactions?

Conscience develops through responsive parenting that aligns with a child's temperament, fostering internal standards of conduct.

What are the interpersonal functions of emotional expression?

Emotional expressions communicate feelings and intentions to others, influencing social interactions and relationship dynamics.

How does the development of self-regulation relate to temperament?

Self-regulation capabilities evolve alongside biological maturation, impacting how temperament influences personality development.

What is the significance of sensitive and responsive caregiving in attachment patterns?

Sensitive and responsive caregiving is crucial for developing secure attachment patterns and supporting the child's emotional development.

How do parental roles evolve during adolescence?

As adolescents seek independence, parental monitoring becomes more important, focusing on rules and knowledge of their activities.

What is the impact of bullying on children's development?

Bullying can lead to significant emotional distress and social challenges, affecting children's self-esteem and social competence.

What are cultural display rules?

Cultural display rules dictate how individuals should express emotions according to social circumstances, affecting interpersonal interactions.

How does the environment influence the expression of emotions?

Environmental factors and cultural norms shape how individuals express and manage their emotions in various social situations.

What is the role of cultural norms in emotional expression?

Cultural norms guide emotional expression to maintain social order and promote appropriate social behaviors.

What are the three classifications of infant attachment identified in the Strange Situation?

The three classifications are secure, anxious-resistant, and avoidant attachment styles.

What are the physical changes that occur during adolescence?

Physical changes during adolescence include growth spurts, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and hormonal changes driven by testosterone and estrogen.

What social skills do children develop through peer relationships?

Children learn to initiate and maintain interactions, manage conflict, and engage in cooperative play through peer relationships.

What is the significance of emotional competence in young adults?

Emotional competence encompasses the ability to engage socially constructively, regulate impulses, and adhere to moral values.

What are the effects of emotional regulation on behavior?

Effective emotional regulation leads to constructive actions and mitigates aggressive impulses, influencing overall social competence.

What is deviant peer contagion?

Deviant peer contagion refers to the process by which peers reinforce problematic behaviors, increasing the likelihood of future risky actions.

What are the long-term outcomes associated with secure attachment in childhood?

Securely attached children are more likely to have positive peer relationships, favorable evaluations from teachers, and persistence in challenging tasks.

What pattern is observed in anxiety and depression rates among adolescents?

Females experience rates of anxiety that are twice as high and rates of depression that are 1.5-3 times higher than males starting in early adolescence.

What is hedonic well-being?

Hedonic well-being refers to the emotional component of well-being, encompassing positive and negative affect.

What is the impact of societal context on age identity?

Societal context significantly influences how individuals perceive their age and value different aspects of aging.

What is Attachment Theory and its origin?

Attachment Theory, developed by John Bowlby, explores the emotional bonds between infants and their caregivers, particularly in response to separation.

How do secure children typically interact with their parents?

Secure children tend to have responsive and attentive parents, which fosters their emotional regulation and confidence.

What does research suggest about the relationship between early attachment experiences and adult outcomes?

Research indicates that early attachment experiences shape adult attachment styles and interpersonal functioning, but these patterns are not deterministic.

What is Erikson's view on identity formation during adolescence?

Erikson posits that identity formation is a key indicator of successful development throughout adolescence.

What impact does social media have on attachment styles in adults?

Social media allows individuals to maintain connections with attachment figures, with anxious individuals more frequently using platforms like Facebook during negative emotions.

What role do romantic relationships play in adolescent development?

Romantic relationships contribute significantly to identity formation and emotional adjustment during adolescence.

What is moratorium in identity development?

Moratorium refers to adolescents who are actively exploring different identity options but have not yet made commitments.

What is socioemotional selectivity theory?

Socioemotional selectivity theory posits that older adults prioritize emotional regulation and restrict social interactions to those who are emotionally significant.

What is the Convoy Model of Social Relations?

The Convoy Model suggests that social connections are maintained through exchanges of social support, which change with age.

What are the average changes in Big Five personality traits during adulthood?

Longitudinal studies indicate that average changes occur in the expression of Big Five traits as individuals age.

What is the maturity gap in adolescent-limited antisocial behavior?

The maturity gap refers to the discrepancy between adolescents' dependence on adults and their desire for independence, leading to temporary antisocial behavior.

What are the two categories of intelligence identified in cognitive aging?

Fluid intelligence involves information processing abilities, while crystallized intelligence draws on knowledge and experience.

What is identity achievement?

Identity achievement occurs when individuals have explored various options and made definitive identity commitments.

What is the impact of family adversity on adolescent mental health?

Family adversity, such as abuse and parental psychopathology, sets the stage for social and behavioral problems during adolescence.

How does emotional regulation relate to well-being in older adults?

Effective emotional regulation in older adults is linked to higher well-being, better health, and longer lives.

What factors influence global subjective well-being?

Global subjective well-being is influenced by age, health, personality, social support, and life experiences.

What is satiation?

Satiation is the decline of hunger and the eventual termination of eating behavior.

What is the significance of spatial ability in STEM education?

Spatial ability is often greater in individuals pursuing STEM fields, influencing their success in nonverbal intellectual tasks.

What role does diversity play in adolescent experiences?

Diversity in adolescence is shaped by factors like gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms, influencing behavior and social interactions.

What changes occur in older marriages compared to younger ones?

Older marriages often exhibit enhanced positive interactions and reduced negativity during conflicts.

What is identity foreclosure?

Identity foreclosure occurs when an individual commits to an identity without having explored other options.

What distinguishes early starters from late starters in antisocial behavior?

Early starters exhibit antisocial behavior from childhood, while late starters begin during adolescence and often face poorer parental supervision.

What are the five features of emerging adulthood?

The five features of emerging adulthood are identity explorations, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and age of possibilities.