Hellenistic History Final Exam ID

Dido

Legendary queen of Carthage featured in Virgil’s Aeneid (Book 4, late 1st c. BCE).

Dido

Falls in love with Aeneas but is abandoned, leading to her tragic suicide.

Dido

Represents emotional, foreign, chaotic “other” in contrast to Roman pietas and duty.

Dido

Her story foreshadows the Punic Wars and frames Carthage as Rome’s destined enemy.D

Dido

Prefigures Cleopatra as a foreign female foil in Roman propaganda.

Dido

Symbolizes justification of Roman imperial expansion as divinely ordained in Augustan culture

Antiochus III

Ruled the Seleucid Empire from 222–187 BCE

Antiochus III

One of the last Hellenistic kings to seriously oppose Rome

Antiochus III

Reclaimed territories in Asia and Greece; allied with Aetolian League

Antiochus III

Defeated by Rome at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE); signed Treaty of Apamea (188 BCE)and ceded significant regions, effectively reducing the power of the Seleucid Empire.

Antiochus III

Illustrates Hellenistic kingship and its decline in face of Roman dominance

Antiochus III

His defeat marked a key moment in Rome’s rise in the eastern Mediterranean

Aetolian League

Federal alliance of Greek city-states active in 3rd–2nd c. BCE

Aetolian League

Known for aggressive diplomacy and opportunistic alliances

Aetolian League

Allied with Antiochus III against Rome in 192 BCE

Aetolian League

Roman victory led to the decline of Greek political independence

Aetolian League

Reflects the strengths and limits of Greek federalism in the Hellenistic world

Aetolian League

Its downfall symbolized the end of Greek autonomy under Roman expansion

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Seleucid ruler from 175–164 BCE

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Attempted to forcefully Hellenize the Jews; banned Jewish practices

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Desecrated the Temple in Jerusalem; installed pagan altarsin an effort to promote Greek culture.

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Provoked the Maccabean Revolt (167 BCE)

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Sources: I & II Maccabees, Daniel 11–12, Josephus—depict him as a persecutor

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

His rule highlights cultural imperialism and religious resistance

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Revolt led to Hasmonean dynasty; key moment in Jewish national history

Shield of Aeneas

Described in Aeneid Book 8; forged by Vulcan

Shield of Aeneas

Depicts Roman history and future glory, including Battle of Actium and Augustus's triump

Shield of Aeneas

Serves as ideological propaganda linking Aeneas’s journey to Roman imperial destiny

Shield of Aeneas

Myth and history merged to legitimize Augustan rule

Shield of Aeneas

Visual symbol of Rome’s divinely sanctioned greatness

Shield of Aeneas

Embodies Augustan values and political messaging in poetic form