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synergism G

greater than expected effect by another drug

anatagonism

another drug greatly decreases effect of original drug

potentiation

increased effect from two drugs together

Pathogenesis

Development and progression of a disease.

causes of dehydration

vomiting and diarrhea

excessive sweating

diabetic ketoacidosis

use of concentrated nutrients

insufficient water intake

intractable pain

severe pain that is extremely resistant to relief measures

rhizotomy

helps intractable pain

interrupts cranial or spinal nerve root

cardotomy

helps intractable pain

interrupts lateral spine thalamus tract

hypocalcemia causes

hypoparathyroidism

malabsorption syndrome

deficient albumin

increased pH

renal failure

paleospinothalamic tract

transmits slow impulses

chronic pain

somatic pain

originates in skin, bones, muscles and conducted by sensory fibers

visceral

originates in organs

conduced by sympathetic fibers

sudden/short term pain

reflex withdrawal- touching hot stove

continuous pain

most likely have when there is an infection, inflammation, swelling

hypoxia

low supply of oxygen to the tissues

ischemia

insufficient blood supply

hyperkalemia effects

weakness/agitation

firm subcutaneous tissue

dry mucous membrane

increased thirst

decreased urine output

C fibers are

pain fibers

unmyelinated

carry chronic pain

A delta fibers are

pain fibers

myelinated

carry acute pain

effects of dehydration

dry mucous membranes

decreased skin elasticity

low BP

increased HR

fatigue

increased hematocrit

confusion

infarction

area of dead tissue/cell from lack of oxygen

necrosis

death of a group of tissues/cells

incubation period

Time between exposure and onset of symptoms

four general causes of edema

1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

2. loss of plasma proteins

3. obstruction of lymphatic circulation

4. increased capillary permeability

2/3 of water in humans is contained in

intracellular department

loading dose

large dose given at beginning of treatment

enterally

administered via the GI tract

biotransformation

metabolism of drug

intrathecally

administered into the subarachnoid space

reticular activating system

informs brain of incoming pain stimuli