Chemistry first exam

Matter

anything that takes up space

how is matter measured

scaled and weighed

Mass

measure of amount of material in an object

Weight is determined by

pull of gravity

what is difference between mass and weight

mass stays same but weight changes depending on location

Volume

3 dimensional measure of space occupied by matter

Density

ratio of mass to volume

formula for density

d=m/v

density is constant at all temps making it a good

conversion factor

specific gravity

density of sample over density of water

specific gravity is (2)

unitless and measured with refractometer

What is the SI unit for temperature

Kelvin scale

Formula for kelvin

Celsius+273

Formula for celsius

F-32Fx1C/1.8F

Formula for farenheight

(1.8F/1CXC)+32

What is normal body temp in celsius

37

Hyperthermia

too high of temperature, high energy exerted

Hypothermia

too cold

Energy

does work or supplies heat

potential energy

stored energy

kinetic energy

energy of motion

energy can never

be created or destroyed

Chemistry

study of matter and its changes

chemistry is what kind of science and why

central bc its in everything we do

science is

process, questions about nature, facts, theories

What are the two types of matter

Pure substances and mixture

elements are

simplest type of matter

atoms are

smallest unit of matter that exists and keeps unique characteristics

Compounds are

a pure substance made of 2 or more elements in a fixed composition that are chemically joined together

Mixture

combo of 2 or more substances

homogenous

composition is same throughout

heterogenous

composition is not uniform but varies

Vertical column

groups of elements with similar chemical behaviors

Main group designation

A

Transition group designation

B

Horizontal row is (2)

a period, 1-7

Staircase shape starting with boron seperates

metal from nonmetals

Elements bordered by line are

metalloids

Compounds combine

elements in specific ratios

Chemical formula

which elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a compound

when having Parentheses in compound you should

multiple subscript outside by inside to get number of atoms

state of matter types

Solid, liquid, gas, aqueous

Physical change is a

change in state of matter

Chemical chnage

change in chemical identity of substance and new product is formed

law of conservation mass

mass cannot be created or destroyed

To solve a chemical equation

atoms must be equal on both sides

To balance add a

coefficient

quantities that can be related to eachother by an equal sign are

equivalent units

Equivalences are used as

conversion factors

A positive scientific notation means

actual number is greater than 1

a negative scientific notation means

actual number is between 0 and 1

What is SI unit for energy

joule

calorie

amount of energy needed to raise temp 1g water by 1C

nutritional calorie is what times larger than calorie

1000

Heat is

kinetic energy flowing from warmer body to colder

specific heat capacity

amt of heat to raise 1g water by 1C

specific heat equation

heat/gramsxchange in temp

Lower specific heat means

less energy from sun to heat substance up

Water has what kind of heat

high specific

metals have what kind of heat

low specific

what is measuring with accuracy

measurements close to actual value

what is measuring with precision

measurements similar in value but not close to actual value

Percent active ingredient

binders added to increase size

Percent in nutrition labeling

contribution to single serving

percent by mass formula

carb mass/total mass x 100

Atoms are made up of

subatomic particles

ions are

charged atoms

where does most of mass stay in an atom

nucleus

what unit is used for atoms

atomic mass unit amu

how to find protons off a periodic table

Atomic number above element symbol

How to calculate mass number

protons + neutrons

symbolic notation

mass number on top, atomic number on bottom, atomic symbol

Atoms of same element can have different

number of neutrons

not all elements have same

mass number

Atoms of same element with different mass numbers are

isotopes

isotopes have

same number of protons but different neutrons

Elements that emit radiation are

radioactive

radiation is

a form of energy that we get from natural and human sources

Nuclear radiation energy given spontaneously from

nucleus of atom

most naturally occurring isotopes have

stable nucleus and not radioactive

Stabilizing isotopes become stable by emitting radiation from nuclei through

radioactive decay

Isotopes that emit radiation are

radioisotopes

Naturally occurred radioisotopes can be mined from and which one more

earth or lab but more in lab

atomic number of 83 or higher means

radioactive

Forms of radiation

alpha, beta, gamma, positron, neutron

alpha is what charge

positive

beta is what charge

negative

gamma is what charge

neutral

positron is what charge

positive

What is alpha symbol

4 on top, 2 on bottom, He

What is beta symbol

0 on top, -1 on bottom, e

What is gamma symbol

0 on top and bottom, y

Atoms with an unstable nucleus eject

beta particle

what is released when unstable nucleus rearranges to more stable state

gamma ray

What is most harmful on the electromagnetic spectrum

gamma rays

Do all radiation types behave the same

no

The forms of radiation are

ionizing radiation

When radiation interacts with another atom and ejects electron, they become

more reactive and less stable

What causes cancer

loss of electron affect cell chemistry and genetic material

What is used to measure radiation biological damage

Sievert