APWH Unit 1-9

States (Unit 1 - The Global Tapestry)

a territory that is politically organized under a single government.

Confucianism, Song China (Unit 1 - The Global Tapestry)

a philosophy that taught human society is hierarchical by nature, prescribed, & proper order to everything.

Neo-Confucianism, Song China (Unit 1 - The Global Tapestry)

sought to rid Confucian thought of the influence of Buddhism.

Bureaucracy, Europe (Unit 1 - The Global Tapestry)

a government entity arranged in a hierarchical fashion that carries out the empreor’s will.

Mit’a System, Inca Empire (Unit 1 - The Global Tapestry)

required all people under Inca rule to provide labor on state projects.

Manor, Europe (Unit 1 - The Global Tapestry)

a piece of land owned by a Lord, which was then rented out to peasants who worked the land.

Feudalism, Europe (Unit 1 - The Global Tapestry)

a system where people are given land in exchange for military service & loyalty to a higher-ranking person, often a lord or king

Networks of Exchange, trading routes (Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange)

traded goods & brought religion, languages, & technologies.

Money Economy, China → Europe (Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange)

uses paper money to facilitate exchange.

Barter Economy (Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange)

goods as currency

Growth of States, Swahili City-States (Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange)

collection of independent city-states along Africa’s east coast & acted as brokers for goods originating from the African interior = grew in wealth = Islamic bc of trade = Dar-al-Islam.

Disaporic Community (Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange)

a settlement of ethnic people in a location other than their homeland.

Camel Saddle (Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange)

transporting a large bulk or cargo across the desert.

Empire of Mali (Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange)

grew through trade of gold & taxed merchants traveling to West Africa.

Baghdad’s House of Wisdom (Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange)

translated Greek & Roman classics into Arabic.

The Mongol Empire, 1206-1368 (Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange)

1. established the largest land-based empire of all time (caused the fall of Song Dynasty & the Abbsaid Caliphate)

2. ruled the entire area through four Khanates (sates ruled by the Khans)

3. networks of exchange increased significantly - Pax Mongolica (peace of the Mongols)

4. facilitated technological & cultural transfer

Land-Based Empire (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

an empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings.

Sunni Muslim, ie: Ottoman Empire (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

believed that the rightful successor of Muhammad is anyone that is spiritually fit for office.Shi

Shi’a Muslim, ie: Safavid Empire (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

believed that the legitimate successor of Muhammad is only his blood relatives.

Main 4 Empires (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

1. Ottoman Empire (parts of Europe, Asia, & Africa 1299-1922)

2. Safavid Empire (middle east, 1501-1736)

3. Mughal Empire (south & central Asia, 1526-1857)

4. Qing Dynasty/Manchu Empire (China, 1644-1912)

All 4 Empires Similarity Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

1. all land-based empires

2. all expanded rapidly

3. all used gunpowder to expand

4. ethnically different from subjects

Legitimized, power (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

methods a ruler uses to establish their authority.

Consolidated, power (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

methods a ruler uses to transfer power from other groups to themselves.

Administrative Methods (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

1. formation of large bureaucracies

2. development of military professionals

3. religious ideas, art, & monumental architecture

4. innovations of tax collection systems

Devshirme System (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

Ottomans used this system to staff their bureaucracy with highly trained individuals, top performers were appointed to elite positions in the Ottoman bureaucracy.

Divine Rights of Kings (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

European monarchs were God’s representatives on Earth.

Zamindars, Mughal Empire (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

elite landowners granted authority to tax peasants living on their land on behalf of the imperial government.

Tax Farming, Ottomans (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

right to tax subjects of the empire was awarded to the highest bidder.

Roman Catholic Church (Rome) - Church corruption (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

• Simony: people buying their way into positions of power in the church

• Sale of Indulgences: people paying money to get their sins forgiven

• Catholic Monk, Martin Luther: 1517, 95 Theses complaint 

• Protestant Reformation: Catholics cleaned up a lot of the corruption Protestants were complaining about @ Council of Trent

• Continuity -> Dominance of Catholicism: reaffirmed that their doctrine of salvation was just fine

Sikhism (Unit 3 - Land-Based Empires)

a syncretic blend of both Hindu & Islamic doctrines.

Causes of European Exploration (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

adoption & innovation of maritime technologies, growth of state power, & economic.

1. Magnetic Compass - China

2. Astrolabe - Ancient Greece & Arab world 

3. Lateen Sail - Arab world 

4. Portuguese Caraval (smaller = better navigation)

Mercantilism (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

a state-driven economic system that characterized imperial European states during this period.

Favorable Balance of Trade (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

when states organized their economies around exports & avoid imports as much as possible.

Joint-stock Company (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

a limited liability business, often chartered by the state, that was funded by a group of private investors

• Dutch East India Company & British India Company

The Colombian Exchange (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

the transfer of new diseases, food, plants, & animals between the Eastern & Western hemispheres

• Malaria, foods, & plants increase population, & pig, sheep, cattle, & horses (major impact)

Cash Cropping (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

a method of agriculture that focuses on growing crops, usually a single crop, primarily for export.

Absolutism, France (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

a political system in which one ruler of leader has complete power authority over a country.

The Asante Empire, West Africa (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

provided the desired goods European traders wanted such as gold, ivory, & enslaved people.

Kingdom of the Kongo, South Africa (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

strong diplomatic ties with Portugal and provided gold, copper, & enslaved people.

Mit’a System, used by Spanish (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

developed & deployed by the Inca empire = required their subjects to provide labor on state projects for a certain number of days per year.

Chattel Slavery (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

purchase has total ownership over the enslaved person.

Indentured Servitude (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

laborers would sign a contract that bound them to a particular work for a period of time.

Encomienda System (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

used by the Spanish to divide indigenous Americans among Spanish settlers.

Hacienda System (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

indigenous laborers forced to work fields of large plantions known as “haciendas”

Encomienda vs. Hacienda (Unit 4 - Transoceanic Interconnections)

1. Encomienda: nothing to do with land ownership, only controlling the indigenous population

2. Hacienda: centered on land ownership to control the indigenous population 

The Enlightenment (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalist & empiricist approaches, to both the natural world & human relationships.

Enlightenment Ideas (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

1. the individual

2. natural rights

3. social contract

4. popular sovereignty

5. democracy

Enlightenment effects (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

1. expansion of suffrage & the right to vote

2. women’s suffrage

3. abolition of slavery

4. abolition of serfdom

Nationalism (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, and social customs & often linked with a desire for territory.

2 Cause of Revolutions (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

1. nationalism

2. discontent with monarchist & imperial rule

4 Atlantic Revolutions (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

1. American Revolution - Declaration of Independence (assisted by the French, created USA, set up as a republic)

2. French Revolution - Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen

3. Haitian Revolution - most prosperous French colony

   1. Toussaint Louverture: led revolt against French, established first black government

4. Latin American Revolutions

   1. Influenced by Enlightenment ideas, Creole military leader Simón Bolivar: Letter from Jamaica

Nationalist Movements & Unification (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

1. Calls for greater degrees or self-rule (propaganda movement in the Phillippines)

2. effort toward unification

   1. Italy & Germany

7 Factors for Industrialization (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

1. proximity to waterways

2. distribution of coal, iron, & timber

3. access to foreign resources

4. improved agricultural productivity

5. urbanization

6. legal protections of private property

7. accumulation of capital

Transnational Business (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

a company that is established & controlled in one country, but also establishes large operations in other countries.

Unilever Corporation (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

joint-stock company managed by the British & Dutch = soap

Stock Markets (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

enabled people to purchase small shares of ownership in a company.

Limited Liability Corporations (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

organized business to protect the financial investment of its owners.

4 Industrial Reforms (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

1. political

2. social

3. educational

4. urban

Labor Unions (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

collectives of workers that were able to negotiate & bargain as a group to improve their lives.

Karl Marx, Scientific Socialism (Unit 5 - Revolutions)

the proletariat (working class) becomes conscious of their suffering will will rise and overthrow the bourgeoisie (upper class).