Human AP2 Final Exam Review

In a blood transfusion, if the recipient receives the wrong blood type, ______ will occur

agglutination

Individuals with type AB blood are considered to be _______ _______

universal recipients ( they can recieve any type of blood)

Blood with A antigens on their red cells will have _______ in their serum

B antibodies

Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel ( usually a vein) is called a

thrombosis

Type O individuals are considered

universal donors ( bc they can donate blood to anyone)

Type B blood will have ________________ on the RBC.

B antigens

_______ is possible due to the presence of several clotting proteins normally dissolved in the blood

coagulation

_______ is the fluid component of the blood excluding the formed elements

plasma

The _______ pathway is complex and occurs slowly in response to damage to endothelial cells

intrinsic

people who have type O blood have _______ in the plasma

A and B antibodies

The process by which all of the formed elements develop is called ________

hemotopiesis

A blood sample that contains elevated neutrophils indicates a possible _________

bacterial infection

RBC's have a large bi-lobed nucleus ( true or false)

False

platelets are fragments of a much larger cell known as a ________

megakaryocyte

a viral infection should result in an elevated percentage of __________

lymphocytes

Blood is carried to the heart from the lungs by the ___________

pulmonary veins

The outermost layer of the heart is the _______

epicardium

The QRS wave of an ECG is measuring the ___________

ventricular depolarization

Blood flows into the coronary arteries and to the myocardium does so only when the left ventricle is ________

In diastole (relaxed)

The endocardium receives oxygen and nutrients from blood ________ (from where)

within the heart

when listening to the heart sounds, the first soun dis caused by the ________

closure of the atrioventricular valves (AV)

The ______ ______ prevents backflow into the right atrium

triscupid valve

The valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle is the ________ ______ ____

Pulmonary semilunar valve

The action potential (depolarization wave) flows from bundle branches, directly to the _____ _____

Purkinje fibers

The function of the left atrium is to ______

receive oxygenated blood from the lungs

During an ECG, the waves represent the Depolariztion and Repolarization of chambers, the S-T segment represents the ______

plateau phase of ventricular contraction

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the ______

lungs

Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium flows into the coronary sinus and then into the _______

Right Atrium

_______ soluble hormones require a second messenger to be released into the cell

water

_______ _______ hormone from the adenohypophysis causus production of sperm i the testes.

follicle stimulation

_______ is produced by in the kidney in response to low blood volume/pressure

Renin

The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the _______

adenohypophysis

The _______ _______ ______ releases the hormones ADH and Oxytocin

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone can stimulate the Anterior Pituitary to secrete ________ hormone

Adrenocorticotropic

PTH (parathyroid hormone) causes levels of ______ in the blood to increase

calcium

________ will decrease blood glucose level

insulin

The adrenal medulla secretes _____

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The resistance reaction will cause the ________ to increase the production of cortisol, aldosterone, and thyroid hormones.

hypothalamus

The zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex produces ________ which will increase glucose production and blood levels

cortisol

Alpha and Beta cells are located in the _____ _____ ____ of the pancreas; hormones from these cells regulate blood sugar levels

Islets of Langerhans

_______ from the _______ _____ will decrease calcium levels in the blood

Calcitonin; thyroid gland

The RAAS raise blood BV/BP; the first step calls for the ______ to release Renin

kidneys

The ______ ________ is formed by the join of common bile and main pancreatic ducts

hepatopancreatic ampulla

The permanent fold/ridges/rings on the inside of the small intestines cause turbulence, are called _______

plicae circulares

Chime exits the stomach and pass through the ______ ______ before entering the duadnum

pyloric sphincter

From the gall bladder, the ______ duct joins with the hepatic duct to become the common bile duct

Cystic

The first region of the large intestine is the ______

cecum

The _______ ______ is made of connective tissue, part of the mucosa and contains MALT

lamina propria

In the digestive tract below the diaphragm, the mucosa is made of ______ _____ ______ tissue

simple columar epithlium

Before entering the blood, fats like triglycerides enter the ______ system before the circulatory

lymphatic

Bile is produced by the _____

liver

The pancreas produces the enzyme _______ which breaks down carbohydrates

amylase

What is a major function of the small intestine?

digestion and absorption of nutrients, hormone secretion

The region of the large intestine immediately after the ascending colon is the ______ _______

transverse colon

The ________ attaches the small intestines to the posterior abdominal wall

mesentery

The major functions of the lymphatic system include all of the following

draining interstitial fluid, transporting dietary lipids, immune reponses

The liquid component of blood _____

plasma

_________ is the clear fluid filtered through capillary walls when it enters the "interstitium" (space between cells, also called the intracellular space)

interstitial fluid

______ _______ is present at birth. It is non-specific and non-adaptive

Innate immunity

It includes our first line external, physical, and chemical barriers provided by the ______ and _________ _______

Skin; mucous membrane

Thousands of memory cells exist after initial encounter with an antigen - this is called

Immunological memory

With the next appearance of the _____ _____, memory cells can proliferate and differentiate within ______

same antigen; hours

"Natural immunity" is not gained through the "tools" of modern medicine, whereas"_______ _______" is gained through "tools" in modern medicine

artificial immunity

Active immunity refers to the ______ ______ to make antibodies after exposure to a pathogen(antigen)

Body's Response

In _______ _______, the body simply receives antibodies that have been preformed. ________ is longterm; passive is short-term

Passive Immunity; Active

Metabolic reactions contribute to homeostasis by harvesting _________ energy from consumed nutrients

Chemical

instead of transferring elections directly to ADP to make ATP, they are often transferred to intermediate coenzymes like nicotinamide adenine and dinucleotide(NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) -- both are _________

electron carriers (might be vitamins)

_______ is not just an example we happen to choose - it is indeed the body's preferred source of fuel

glucose

The 1st step of cellular respiration is to oxidize one 6- carbon molecule of glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) in a series of steps called _________

glycolysis

the begin the Kreb's cycle, __________ diffuses into the matrix of the mitochondria where the 2-carbon fragments are "dropped off"

acetyl-CoA

_______ is formed in the elctron transport chain

ATP

In the total oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose, _________ molecules of ATPs are generated, depending on the tissue.

36-38

_______ begins with separating the glycerol backbone of triglycerides from the 3 fatty acids

Lipolysis

Proteins are not primary source of energy; unlike lipids and sugars, proteins are not ______

stored

During the ________ state ingested nutrients enter the blood stream and glucose is readily available

absorptive

The main metabolic challenge at this point is to maintain normal blood ______ levels

glucose

Essential minerals are those ________ _______ that occur naturally in the earth's crust and are needed to maintain life

Inorganic elements

Vitamin C is necessary for for proper growth of connective tissues like _______

Collagen

________ capillaries are the most common and found all over the body ( with a few exceptions)

continuous

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system affects blood pressure by ___________

vasoconstriction

The kidneys would be the best place to look for _________ capillaries

fenestrated

________ receive blood directly from the muscular arteries

Arterioles

The _______ arteries have an abundance of elastic fibers in the tunica media

elastic

The forming of collateral circulation by-passing a "blocked" existing vessel is called a/an ___________.

anastomosis

Barorecptors located in the _____ monitor blood composition

Aorta

The skeletal muscle and respiratory pump are methods to _____ _____ _______

aid venous return

Blood flows directly from the capillaries into the _______

Venules

_________ shock results from excess dilation of blood vessels

vascular

The majority of the blood in the body is contained within the _______

veins

Thyroid and Cricoid cartilages, Epiglottis, and Vocal cords are all found with the _______

larynx

Brances after the secondary bronchii are the _____ ______

tertiary bronchi

What is also known as the windpipe?

trachea

A bronchiole is made up primarily of __________ _________.

smooth muscle

The _______ is where gas exchange occurs within the lungs

alveoli

The left lung has ___ secondary bronchii

two

The first branches off the trachea are the ____ ______

primary bronchi

The trachea is made up of c shaped rings of _____ ______

hyaline cartilage

The vocal cords are found in the ______

larynx

air traveling through the respiratory system passes from the pharynx directly into the _______________.

larynx

The top of the lung is the _____

apex