Chapter 3: Digital Radiographic Image Processing and Manipulation (Test 1) (Part 2)

- Image Processing parameters

- Contrast manipulation

- Spatial frequency resolution

- Spatial frequency filtering

What is all included in the quality control workstation functions?

Contrast Manipulation

What involves converting the digital input data to an image with appropriate brightness and contrast using contrast enhancement parameters?

technical

No amount of adjustment takes the place of proper _____________ factor selection

Spatial Frequency Resolution

What refers to the detail or sharpness of an image?

Line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm)

What is spatial frequency measured in?

Focal spot size and OID

What are the geometric factors that can affect spatial frequency resolution in digital imaging?

Image formation is degraded

If improper algorithms are applied to an image, what happens to the image formation?

It reduces the amount of manipulation the radiologist can do

Why should an image not be manipulated by the technologist before it goes to PACS?

A loss of information from the original image

After an image is sent to PACS, what does all postprocessing result in?

- Edge enhancement

- Smoothing

- Equalization

What three things are included in spatial frequency filtering?

Post Processing

What refers to changing or enhancing the digital image to view it from a different perspective or improve its diagnostic quality?

Edge Enhancement

What spatial frequency filter refers to an artificial increase in display contrast at the edge of an image?

Smoothing

What spatial frequency filter is a software function that evens the brightness displayed in the image?

Equalization

What is a method of image processing that uses the histogram of the image to adjust contrast?

Window Level

What post-processing method controls brightness?

Window Width

What post-processing method controls contrast or the ratio of black and white?

Background Removal or Shutter

What post-processing method is used to blacken out the white collimation border?

Veiling Glare

What refers to the unexposed borders around the collimation areas that allow excess light to enter the eye, and is a great distraction that interferes with image reception by the eye?

Mask poor collimation practices

Since shuttering is a viewing technique only, shuttering should never be used to do what?

Overall smaller number of pixels

When an image is shuttered, what does the removal of the white unexposed borders to the overall number of pixels?

Image Orientation

What refers to the way the anatomy is oriented on the imaging plate?

Head versus feet and left versus right

In imaging orientation, what must the computer be informed of?

Image displayed exactly as read

During imaging orientation, unless the image is changed on the screen, how is it displayed?

Image Stitching

What post-processing method is used for anatomy or an area of interest too large to fit on one cassette?

Image Annotation

What post-processing method refers to information other than standard identification that must be added to the image?

- Time and date stickers

- Grease pencils

- Permanent markers

What tools were used to annotate an image in film/screen radiography?

anatomy markers

Input of annotation for identification of the patient's left or right side should never be used as a substitute for the technologist's ______________ ___________

layers

Informationa added to an image is done in ________

May not transfer the same way it's added to the image

When transferring images to PACS, what may happen to the images' annotations?

Magnifying glass and zoom

What are the two basic types of magnification techniques that are standard with digital systems?

Magnifying Glass

What magnification technique refers to a box that is placed over a small segment of anatomy on the main image and shows a magnified version of the underlying anatomy?

Zoom

What magnification technique allows magnification of the entire image and enlarges an image enough that only parts of it are visible on the computer screen?

Proper Identification

What is more critical with digital imaging, concerning the patient?

- Name

- Health care facility

- Patient ID number

- Date of birth

- Exam date

- Lead side markers / postural markers

What should all be included in patient demographics?

Entered the same

How should a patient's name be entered into a system for each visit or exam?

Manual send

What function allows the quality control technologist to select one or more local computers to receive images?

Archive Query

What function allows retrieval of images from the PAC system based on the date of the exam, patient name or number, exam number, pathologic condition, or anatomic area?