MLS 116-1

blood bankAntibodies are passed on/the body acquired antibodies through a naturally occurring process.

·    Blood typing

·    Cross-matching

·    Antibody screening

·    Blood typing

·    Cross-matching

·    Antibody screening

Pre-Transfusion  Testing 

1492

1st time a blood transfusion was recorded in history – Pope Innocent VII

William Harvey

In 1492, who identified that that blood flowed through the blood vessels in one direction.

F

3 young men

·    In 1492, blood was taken from 5 young men and given to the stricken Pope Innocent VII in the hope of curing him. It is the first time a blood transfusion was recorded. (t/f)

1818

1^st successful man to man blood transfusion was performed by British obstetrician James Blundell. He successfully transfused human blood to a px who had hemorrhage during childbirth

James Blundell

In 1818, 1^st successful man to man blood transfusion was performed by British obstetrician - . He successfully transfused human blood to a px who had hemorrhage during childbirth

1869

Braxton Hicks recommended the use of sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant.

Braxton Hicks

In 1869, who recommended the use of sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant.

1901

Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood groups.

Karl Landsteiner

In 1901, who discovered the ABO blood groups.

1901

Edward E. Lindeman introduced vein to vein transfusion of blood using multiple syringes & a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin. (time-consuming, complicated procedure that requires many skilled assistants)

Edward E. Lindeman

In 1901, who introduced vein to vein transfusion of blood using multiple syringes & a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin. (time-consuming, complicated procedure that requires many skilled assistants)

1901

Unger designed his syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient by unassisted physician became practical.

Unger

In 1901, who designed his syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient by unassisted physician became practical.

1914

Hustin reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.

Hustin

In 1914, who reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.

1915

Lewisohn determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation & demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.

Lewisohn

In 1915, who determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation & demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.

Anticoagulant

preservation of blood

1916

·   Glucose was evaluated

1916

Rous & Turner introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.

Rous & Turner

In 1916, who introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.

1943

Loutit & Mollison introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate dextrose solution (ACD)

Loutit & Mollison

in 1943, who introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate dextrose solution (ACD)

1957

·   Gibson introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)

Gibson

In 1957, who introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)

35 days expiration

CPDA-1 expiration

Immunohematology

Study of blood-related antigens and antibodies as applied to blood banking and transfusion services.

Immunohematology

  Involves the study of immune response to the transfusion of cellular elements.

• Packed RBCs

• Platelets

• Plasma

Whole Blood Units

Immunology 

-    Study of components & processes of the immune system.

Immunology 

-    The study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

concentrated with liquid

Cryoprecipitate

Cryosupernate

sa ibabaw

Innate / Natural Immunity

a non-specefic defense

Innate / Natural Immunity

involves anatomic & inflammatory responses

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

response is specific for the stimulating antigen

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

involves cell-mediated & humoral responses

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

Acquired by contact with a specific foreign substance

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

Initial contact with foreign substance triggers synthesis of specialized antibody proteins resulting in reactivity to that particular foreign substance

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

Response improves with each successive encounter with the same pathogen

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

-        Is the most specific & allows the IS to have memory of pathogens it has encountered previously.

Active Natural Immunity

The body produced antibodies because of natural exposure to antigens.

Active Natural Immunity

Identify if active or passive Natural Immunity

·   Natural infection

Active Natural Immunity

Identify if active or passive Natural Immunity

·   Exposure to antigens in the environment.

Passive Natural Immunity

Identify if active or passive Natural Immunity

• IgG transfer from the mother to fetus through the placenta.

Passive Natural Immunity

Identify if active or passive Natural Immunity

• Colostrum rich in IgA (what babies get from breastfeeding)

Passive Natural Immunity

Antibodies are passed on/the body acquired antibodies through a naturally occurring process.

Active Artificial Immunity

The body produced antibodies due to artificial administration/injection of antigens.

Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Live organism – small pox

Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Attenuated / Weakened Organism - BCG

Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Dead organism - cholera & typhoid fever

Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Toxoid – toxin treated with chemicals

Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Modified virus – polio virus

Passive Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

·   Anti-rabies

Passive Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

·   Heap B Immunoglobulin (HBIg)

Passive Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

Rhogam – given to mothers with Rh-, & babies with Rh +

Passive Artificial Immunity

Antibodies are administered/injected to the body

o Acute inflammation

o Phagocytosis

o Activation of complement system

examples of natural / innate immunity

o Humoral response

o Cell mediated

example of Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

Phagocytosis

-    Engulfment/destruction of foreign substance in the bodies which is done by the lymphocyte, macrophages etc.

1. Dendritic cells

2. Macrophages

3. Monocytes

4. Neutrophils

Cells most involved in Phagocytosis

·   I – initiation

·   C – chemotaxis (sensing the chemicals, chemotactic)

·   E – engulfment

·   D – digestion

Process of Phagocytosis

Neutrophil

-        Is the #1 cell to attack, due to it small size which can easily roam around.

Phagosome     

- Is characterized by the presence of vacuole in the cytoplasm.

Lysosome

-        Are granulated (acid hydrolase) then they are released/emptied.

Cytokines

Protein molecules secreted by immune cells that act as chemical messengers in the immune response.

Cytokines

-    Function as chemical messengers in your immune system. Your immune system is a network with several parts that work together to protect your body from threats, like germs that can make you sick.

Interleukin 1 (IL-1)

-        Activated T helper cells

Interleukin 1 (IL-1)

Promotes inflammatory response & fever

Interferon Alpha

Inhibits viral replication / duplication

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Kills tumor cells

Interleukin 6 & Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)

Promote hematopoiesis

Antigens

-        Are molecules that have the capability of reacting with a complementary antibody.

Antigens

Antibody generator because they have the capability of reacting with a complementary antibody.

F

NOT ALL ANTIGENS are IMMUNOGENS

T/F

ALL ANTIGENS are IMMUNOGENS

Immunogens

Antigens that can elicit an antibody-mediated immune response.

Hapten

A small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a larger carrier molecule.

Hapten

-        A small molecule which can bind with the antibody binding site, but is not immunogenic unless attached to a larger molecular backbone. (5000 Dalton = Half of 10k Dalton) cannot elicit a response because the Dalton is not enough (should be >10k Dalton)

Hapten

-        Nonimmunogenic materials that create new antigenic determinants when combined with a carrier.

Hapten

-        Can react with the antibody, even without being complexed to a carrier molecule.

Hapten

-        When bound to carriers, contribute to the development interconnected lattice that serves as the basis for precipitation and agglutination reactions.

Lattice Formation

·    antigen & antibody complex. In order to see agglutination & precipitation we need a carrier. The most carrier are latex particle, charcoal & RBC. Hapten alone cannot form a -

latex particle, charcoal & RBC

·    Lattice Formation – antigen & antibody complex. In order to see agglutination & precipitation we need a carrier. The most carrier are - . Hapten alone cannot form a lattice.

Epitope

where the antigen attach

1. Foreignness

2. Route, Dosage & Timing

3. Adjuvants

4. Size

5. Chemical Composition & Complexity

Factors Affecting Immunogenicity    

Autoantigen

Foreignness

• - – body

Alloantigen

Foreignness

• - – foreign, acquired

Heteroantigen

Foreignness

• - – same species

Heterophile antigen

Foreignness

• – different species

F

The smaller the dose the less likely is the response

Route, Dosage & Timing (t/f)

- The larger the dose the less likely is the response

• Intravenous

• Intramuscular

• Intraperitoneal

• Intradermal

• Subcutaneous

• Inhalation – is the fastest route

Route, Dosage & Timing (t/f)

- Routes:

adjuvants

Is the ingredient used in some vaccines that helps create a stronger immune response in people receiving the vaccine. In other words, - help vaccines work better. (by protecting the antigens)

10k Daltons

Size needed for Immunogenicity

Anti-D

is the most immunogenic antigen.

D

most antigenic substance

0.70 - D Antigen

there will be severe transfusion reaction

Antibody / Immunoglobulin (Ig)

-    Formerly Gamma globulins

Antibody / Immunoglobulin (Ig)

-    Glycoproteins that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen & facilitate clearance of the antigen.

Antibody / Immunoglobulin (Ig)

-    Production stimulated by antigens