MLS 116-1

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·    Blood typing

·    Cross-matching

·    Antibody screening

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Description and Tags

blood bankAntibodies are passed on/the body acquired antibodies through a naturally occurring process.

166 Terms

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·    Blood typing

·    Cross-matching

·    Antibody screening

Pre-Transfusion  Testing 

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1492

1st time a blood transfusion was recorded in history – Pope Innocent VII

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William Harvey

In 1492, who identified that that blood flowed through the blood vessels in one direction.

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F

3 young men

·    In 1492, blood was taken from 5 young men and given to the stricken Pope Innocent VII in the hope of curing him. It is the first time a blood transfusion was recorded. (t/f)

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1818

1st successful man to man blood transfusion was performed by British obstetrician James Blundell. He successfully transfused human blood to a px who had hemorrhage during childbirth

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James Blundell

In 1818, 1st successful man to man blood transfusion was performed by British obstetrician - . He successfully transfused human blood to a px who had hemorrhage during childbirth

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1869

Braxton Hicks recommended the use of sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant.

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Braxton Hicks

In 1869, who recommended the use of sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant.

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1901

Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood groups.

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Karl Landsteiner

In 1901, who discovered the ABO blood groups.

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1901

Edward E. Lindeman introduced vein to vein transfusion of blood using multiple syringes & a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin. (time-consuming, complicated procedure that requires many skilled assistants)

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Edward E. Lindeman

In 1901, who introduced vein to vein transfusion of blood using multiple syringes & a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin. (time-consuming, complicated procedure that requires many skilled assistants)

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1901

Unger designed his syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient by unassisted physician became practical.

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Unger

In 1901, who designed his syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient by unassisted physician became practical.

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1914

Hustin reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.

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Hustin

In 1914, who reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.

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1915

Lewisohn determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation & demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.

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Lewisohn

In 1915, who determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation & demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.

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Anticoagulant

preservation of blood

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1916

·   Glucose was evaluated

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1916

Rous & Turner introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.

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Rous & Turner

In 1916, who introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.

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1943

Loutit & Mollison introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate dextrose solution (ACD)

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Loutit & Mollison

in 1943, who introduced the formula for the preservative acid-citrate dextrose solution (ACD)

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1957

·   Gibson introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)

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Gibson

In 1957, who introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)

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35 days expiration

CPDA-1 expiration

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Immunohematology

Study of blood-related antigens and antibodies as applied to blood banking and transfusion services.

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Immunohematology

  Involves the study of immune response to the transfusion of cellular elements.

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• Packed RBCs

• Platelets

• Plasma

Whole Blood Units

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Immunology 

-    Study of components & processes of the immune system.

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Immunology 

-    The study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

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concentrated with liquid

Cryoprecipitate

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Cryosupernate

sa ibabaw

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Innate / Natural Immunity

a non-specefic defense

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Innate / Natural Immunity

involves anatomic & inflammatory responses

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Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

response is specific for the stimulating antigen

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Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

involves cell-mediated & humoral responses

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Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

Acquired by contact with a specific foreign substance

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Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

Initial contact with foreign substance triggers synthesis of specialized antibody proteins resulting in reactivity to that particular foreign substance

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Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

Response improves with each successive encounter with the same pathogen

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Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

-        Is the most specific & allows the IS to have memory of pathogens it has encountered previously.

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Active Natural Immunity

The body produced antibodies because of natural exposure to antigens.

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Active Natural Immunity

Identify if active or passive Natural Immunity

·   Natural infection

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Active Natural Immunity

Identify if active or passive Natural Immunity

·   Exposure to antigens in the environment.

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Passive Natural Immunity

Identify if active or passive Natural Immunity

• IgG transfer from the mother to fetus through the placenta.

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Passive Natural Immunity

Identify if active or passive Natural Immunity

• Colostrum rich in IgA (what babies get from breastfeeding)

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Passive Natural Immunity

Antibodies are passed on/the body acquired antibodies through a naturally occurring process.

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Active Artificial Immunity

The body produced antibodies due to artificial administration/injection of antigens.

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Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Live organism – small pox

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Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Attenuated / Weakened Organism - BCG

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Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Dead organism - cholera & typhoid fever

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Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Toxoid – toxin treated with chemicals

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Active Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

• Modified virus – polio virus

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Passive Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

·   Anti-rabies

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Passive Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

·   Heap B Immunoglobulin (HBIg)

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Passive Artificial Immunity

Identify if active or passive Artificial Immunity

Rhogam – given to mothers with Rh-, & babies with Rh +

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Passive Artificial Immunity

Antibodies are administered/injected to the body

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o Acute inflammation

o Phagocytosis

o Activation of complement system

examples of natural / innate immunity

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o Humoral response

o Cell mediated

example of Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

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<p>Phagocytosis   </p>

Phagocytosis

-    Engulfment/destruction of foreign substance in the bodies which is done by the lymphocyte, macrophages etc.

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<ol><li><p>Dendritic cells </p></li><li><p>Macrophages</p></li><li><p>Monocytes </p></li><li><p>Neutrophils</p></li></ol><p></p>
  1. Dendritic cells

  2. Macrophages

  3. Monocytes

  4. Neutrophils

Cells most involved in Phagocytosis

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<p><span>·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif"><strong>I – </strong>initiation</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify"><span>·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif"><strong>C –</strong> chemotaxis (sensing the chemicals, chemotactic)</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify"><span>·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif"><strong>E –</strong> engulfment</span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify"><span>·</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif"><strong>D –</strong> digestion</span></p>

·   I – initiation

·   C – chemotaxis (sensing the chemicals, chemotactic)

·   E – engulfment

·   D – digestion

Process of Phagocytosis

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Neutrophil

-        Is the #1 cell to attack, due to it small size which can easily roam around.

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Phagosome     

- Is characterized by the presence of vacuole in the cytoplasm.

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Lysosome

-        Are granulated (acid hydrolase) then they are released/emptied.

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Cytokines

Protein molecules secreted by immune cells that act as chemical messengers in the immune response.

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Cytokines

-    Function as chemical messengers in your immune system. Your immune system is a network with several parts that work together to protect your body from threats, like germs that can make you sick.

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Interleukin 1 (IL-1)

-        Activated T helper cells

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Interleukin 1 (IL-1)

Promotes inflammatory response & fever

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Interferon Alpha

Inhibits viral replication / duplication

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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Kills tumor cells

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Interleukin 6 & Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)

Promote hematopoiesis

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Antigens

-        Are molecules that have the capability of reacting with a complementary antibody.

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Antigens

Antibody generator because they have the capability of reacting with a complementary antibody.

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F

NOT ALL ANTIGENS are IMMUNOGENS

T/F

ALL ANTIGENS are IMMUNOGENS

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Immunogens

Antigens that can elicit an antibody-mediated immune response.

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Hapten

A small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a larger carrier molecule.

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Hapten

-        A small molecule which can bind with the antibody binding site, but is not immunogenic unless attached to a larger molecular backbone. (5000 Dalton = Half of 10k Dalton) cannot elicit a response because the Dalton is not enough (should be >10k Dalton)

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Hapten

-        Nonimmunogenic materials that create new antigenic determinants when combined with a carrier.

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Hapten

-        Can react with the antibody, even without being complexed to a carrier molecule.

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Hapten

-        When bound to carriers, contribute to the development interconnected lattice that serves as the basis for precipitation and agglutination reactions.

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Lattice Formation

·    antigen & antibody complex. In order to see agglutination & precipitation we need a carrier. The most carrier are latex particle, charcoal & RBC. Hapten alone cannot form a -

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latex particle, charcoal & RBC

·    Lattice Formation – antigen & antibody complex. In order to see agglutination & precipitation we need a carrier. The most carrier are - . Hapten alone cannot form a lattice.

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Epitope

where the antigen attach

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  1. Foreignness

  2. Route, Dosage & Timing

  3. Adjuvants

  4. Size

  5. Chemical Composition & Complexity

Factors Affecting Immunogenicity    

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Autoantigen

Foreignness

• - – body

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Alloantigen

Foreignness

• - – foreign, acquired

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Heteroantigen

Foreignness

• - – same species

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Heterophile antigen

Foreignness

• – different species

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F

The smaller the dose the less likely is the response

Route, Dosage & Timing (t/f)

- The larger the dose the less likely is the response

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• Intravenous

• Intramuscular

• Intraperitoneal

• Intradermal

• Subcutaneous

• Inhalation – is the fastest route

Route, Dosage & Timing (t/f)

- Routes:

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adjuvants

Is the ingredient used in some vaccines that helps create a stronger immune response in people receiving the vaccine. In other words, - help vaccines work better. (by protecting the antigens)

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10k Daltons

Size needed for Immunogenicity

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<p>Anti-D</p>

Anti-D

is the most immunogenic antigen.

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<p>D</p>

D

most antigenic substance

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<p>0.70 - D Antigen</p>

0.70 - D Antigen

there will be severe transfusion reaction

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Antibody / Immunoglobulin (Ig)

-    Formerly Gamma globulins

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Antibody / Immunoglobulin (Ig)

-    Glycoproteins that recognize a particular epitope on an antigen & facilitate clearance of the antigen.

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Antibody / Immunoglobulin (Ig)

-    Production stimulated by antigens

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