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invisible primary(media primary or money primary)
The period between candidates declaring an intention to run for the presidency and the 1st primaries and caucuses
Incumbent
An officeholder who is seeking reelection.
primary election/caucus
grants presidential nomination
Closed Primary
Voters must register for a party and vote for a nomination for that party
Open Primary
Voters must register for a party on election day
Blanket primary
rarest primary. Allows voters to vote for candidates in multiple parties(split ticket)
Front Loading
States book primaries and caucus earlier and earlier to boost their political clout and enhance tourism
Super tuesday
Large number of primarys take place on this tuesday
Proportional system
candidates are given delegates equal to the percentage of voters they got in the primary
electors
same number as states # of congressmen, make up electoral college
23rd amendment
Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress)
Plurality
The highest vote(even if not majority)
Winner takes all voting
Person who gets most votes/plurality wins election
Mid term election
federal elections held midway through the President's four year term
Political Action Committee (PAC)
Formal groups formed around similar interest, donate heavily to incumbents.
Coattail effect
when future presidential candidates ride the popularity of their party's current presidential candidate(president being republican for 4 terms straight)
Dark ads
Anonymous updates, videos, pics, and links that appear to only a target audience on social media but not the general population
war chest
funds collected by a candidate to spend on a political campaign
Federal Election Campaign Act(FECA)
tightened reporting requirements and limited candidate expenditures
Federal Election Commission (FEC)
Enforced regulations of FECA
Hard money
donations that can be traced
soft money
donations that cant be traced
Bipartisan campaign reform act(BCRA)
Banned soft money and put limits on hard money based on the source
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
said that independent expenditures(donations) are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law.
Dark Money
unlimited donations from individual citizens and organizations
Connected PACs
political action committees funded separately from the organization's treasury through donations from members
Free press
uninhibited institution that places an additional check on government to maintain honesty, ethics, and transparency
investigative reporting
reporters dug deep into stories to expose corruption in government and other institutions
broadcast network
the broadcasting from one central location to several smaller stations
affilates
smaller stations
Big three networks
NBC, CBS, ABC
Cable news network(CNN)
gave Americans access to national news 24/7
horse race journalism
reports discussing who is leading and falling behind in an election
scorekeeper
tracks whos winning and losing in an election(NEWS)
gatekeeper
The media can influence what subjects become newsworthy and what wont.
Watchdog
keeps eye on government(the news)
politcal reporting
Standard "just the facts" stories
sound bites
short excerpts edited from the longer remarks that are vivid in presenting issues
Cable Satelite public affairs newtwork(C-SPAN)
non profit public service created by cable industry
Politcal Analysis
journalistic expression that provides opinions on topics in depth
Editorials
Opinionated articles that reveal the publications views
Op-Eds
Opinion pieces written by people outside of the media, but are published in media to express a variety of opinions.
Commentary
opinion and interpretation rather than "just-the-facts" reporting
Narrow casting
media outlets with a specific agenda and target audience
Fairness doctorine
former fed policy that required radios and tvs to show opposing view points too
talk radio
syndicated political shows that air at stations coast-to-coast
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Regulates electronic media, and has authority over the content of radio, television, wire, and satellite broadcasts.
fox news channel(FNC)
started in 1996 and created by Rupert Murdoch, very influential and important news channel
Mainstream media
collection of traditional news orgs
Confirmation bias
tendency to seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms what they already believe
Consumer driven media
media whos content is influenced by actions and needs of consumers