L26: abdominal ultrasound

what structure is circled in pink?

liver

what structure is next to the green box?

duodenum

what structure are the white arrows pointing at near the orange box?

diaphragm

how is the echogenicity of the liver compared to the spleen?

uniformly hypoechoic with a coarser echotexture

how is the echogenicity of the liver compared to the renal cortices?

hyperechoic to isoechoic

what is the yellow arrow pointing to?

portal veins of the liver

what structure is the pink box in?

spleen

what structure is the orange box in?

liver

what structure is the blue box in?

fat

the liver should not cover more than ____ of the right kidney on ultrasound

one third

what structure is the blue box in?

liver

what structure is the green box in?

right kidney

how does the gallbladder appear on ultrasound?

anechoic teardrop structure with conical extension (cystic duct)

what structure is the yellow circling?

gallbladder

what is the purple circling?

biliary sludge in the gallbladder (normal in dogs)

which animal can the gallbladder occasionally be bilobed?

cats

how can you tell on ultrasound that there is hepatomegaly?

1. tips of liver lobes are ROUNDED

2. liver extends beyond the kidneys

what is occurring in the following ultrasound?

hepatomegaly

what is occurring in the following ultrasound?

diffuse hypoechoic liver

what are the causes for a diffuse hyperechoic liver?

1. lipidosis

2. lymphoma

3. cirrhosis

what are the causes for a diffuse hypoechoic liver?

1. acute hepatitis

2. passive congestion

what are the causes for focal liver nodules?

1. nodular hyperplasia

2. extra-medullary hematopoiesis

3. metastatic disease

what is occurring in the following ultrasound?

focal liver nodules

This is a longitudinal scan of the liver from an 8-year-old MN MBD

diagnosed with lymphoma. What are the ultrasonographic findings?

diffused hypoechogenicity

where is the head of the spleen located?

left cranialdorsal abdomen often forming a hook between gastric fundus and left kidney

what drugs can effect the size and echogenicity of the spleen?

1. ketamine

2. diazepam

3. acepromazine

4. alpha-2 agonists

how are the branches of the splenic vein seen on ultrasound?

tubular anechoic structures

what structure is outlined in orange?

spleen

what structure is outlined in pink?

splenic hialus

what structure is outlined in blue?

splenic vein

how does the echogenicity of the spleen compare to the liver and renal corticies?

homogenous and fine echotexture covered in thin hyperechoic capsules

how does the echogenicity of the spleen compare to the renal cortex in cats?

isoechoic or mildly hyperechoic

what structure are the white arrows pointing to?

spleen

what is occurring in the following ultrasound?

splenomegaly

what is occurring in the following ultrasound?

multiple hypoechoic nodules on the spleen

what is occurring in the following ultrasound?

hyperechoic nodules on the spleen

what is occurring in the following ultrasound?

heterogenous mass on spleen

This is a long scan of the spleen of a 13-year-old FS Siamese cat presenting with

a history of abdominal distesion and anorexia. What are the ultrasonographic

findings?

diffused hypoechogenicity

which animal has a more oval shaped kidney?

cats

which animal has a more bean shaped kidney?

dog

what is the renal length in cats?

3-4.5 cm

what is the echogenicity of the renal medulla compared to the cortex?

hypoechoic

what is the echogenicity of the renal cortex compared to the liver?

hypoechoic or isoechoic

what is the echogenicity of the renal cortex compared to the spleen?

hypoechoic

what is the echogenicity of the renal pelvis?

anechoic

what is the height of the renal pelvis in the transverse plane?

2mm

what is the echogenicity of the renal sinus compared to the renal pelvis?

hyperechoic

blue box

renal pelvis

pink box

renal sinus

green box

renal crest

orange box

renal cortex

what is seen in the ultrasound of the kidney?

medullary rim sign

what is seen in the following ultrasound?

diffuse hyperechoic renomegaly

what is seen in the ultrasound of the kidney?

hypoechoic mass on cranial pole of kidney

what is seen in the ultrasound of the kidney?

perinephric pseudocyst

what is seen in the ultrasound of the kidney?

polycystic kidney disease

what is seen in the ultrasound of the kidney?

hydronephrosis

what is seen in the ultrasound of the kidney?

chronic kidney disease in cat

These are longs scans for the left and right kidney of a 7-year-

old DSH with a history of azotemia. What are the

ultrasonographic findings?

cystic structures within the renal cortices

what is the thickest portion of the small bowel in dogs?

duodenum

what are the layers of the GI starting from the lumen?

1. hyperechoic mucosal interface

2. anechoic mucosa

3. hyperechoic submucosa

4. anechoic muscular layer

5. hyperechoic serosa

what does the following ultrasound show?

transverse view of the stomach

what does the following ultrasound show?

gas in stomach

what does the following ultrasound show?

food in the stomach

what does the following ultrasound show?

jejunum

what does the following ultrasound show?

colon

what does the following ultrasound show?

severe stomach wall thickening

what does the following ultrasound show?

severely thickened duodenum

what does the following ultrasound show?

severely thickened jejunum → neoplasia

what does the following ultrasound show?

linear foreign body

what does the following ultrasound show?

intussusception

what does the following ultrasound show?

intussusception

what does the following ultrasound show?

intussusception

what is the echogenicities of the layers of the bladder wall?

1. hypoechoic mucosa

2. hyperechoic submucosa

3. hypoechoic muscularis

4. hyperechoic serosa

what does the following ultrasound show?

bladder thickening with a luminal mass

what does the following ultrasound show?

polypoid in bladder

what does the following ultrasound show?

cystitis

what does the following ultrasound show?

bladder calculi

what is the shape of the prostate in intact male dogs on sagittal images?

rounded to ovoid

what is the shape of the prostate in intact male dogs on tranverse images?

two prostatic lobes are symmetrical

how does the prostate appear in neutered dogs?

small hypoechoic and homogenous

what does the following ultrasound show?

benign prostatic hyperplasia

what does the following ultrasound show?

prostatic cyst

This is a 14-year-old, neutered male Malinois presenting with a history

of hemangiosarcoma of the tongue and scrotum. The patient also

underwent a splenectomy for the same reason a year ago. Currently

the patient is showing hematuria. What does the following longitudinal

scan of the urinary bladder show?

bladder mass