VENI - Anatomy & Physio

• Cardiovascular

• Lymphatic

two complex systems make up the circulatory system

• Heart

• Blood

• Blood Vessels

main components of the cardiovascular system

• Lymph

• Lymph Vessels

• Lymphatic Organs

main components of the lymphatic system

Circulatory System

To transport fluid throughout the body in a continuous directional flow

• Blood

• Lymph

fluids are transported by the circulatory system

Cardiovascular System

Major function is transportation

• Transportation

• Removal of waste

• Maintenance

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Transportation

function of the cardiovascular system involves the movement of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and chemicals necessary for normal body activity

• Kidneys

• Lungs

Through which organs does the cardiovascular system remove waste products?

• Water

• Electrolyte Balance

What does the cardiovascular system help maintain besides body temperature?

• RBC

• WBC

• Platelets

Which blood components perform the functions of the cardiovascular system?

Heart

Which organ functions solely to keep the blood in circulation by pumping action?

Mediastinum

Where is the heart located?

Muscle

What is the heart composed almost entirely of?

Clenched Fist

The heart is about the size of your:

Pericardium

What encloses the heart (double wall sac)?

Left

The apex of the heart is directed toward the:

Hollow organ

The heart is described as a:

4

How many hollow chambers does the heart have?

Atrium

Which (upper) chamber receives blood?

Ventricle

Which (lower) chamber pumps blood out of the heart?

Left Ventricle

Which ventricle is three times thicker than the other?

Myocardium 

thick layer of muscle in the walls of the heart

Contractions of the myocardium

What pumps blood through the circulatory system?

72

How many times does the heart contract per minute?

70 mL

How much blood does the heart pump with each contraction?

Septum

What separates the right and left sides of the heart?

Septum

prevent mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood

Systemic Circulation

circulation that carries oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body

Pulmonary Circulation

circulation that carries deoxygenated blood towards the lungs for reoxygenation

Right Ventricle

Deoxygenated blood passes from the right atrium into which chamber before going to the lungs?

Left Atrium

After blood is reoxygenated in the lungs, it moves back toward the heart into which chamber?

Aorta

From the left ventricle, blood passes into which vessel to go to the rest of the body?

Atria

chambers of the heart known as the receiving chambers

Ventricles

chambers of the heart considered as the actual pumps or discharging chambers

Septum

structure that divides the heart into right and left sides

Interatrial septum

Which septum separates the two atria?

Interventricular septum

Which septum separates the two ventricles?

Left atrioventricular valve

valve known as the bicuspid or mitral valve

Right atrioventricular valve

valve known as the tricuspid valve

Pulmonary valve

a semilunar valve

Aortic valve

semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta

• Atria

• Ventricles

Chambers of the Heart

• Interatrial septum

• Interventricular septum

Septum of the Heart

• Atrioventricular valves

• Semilunar valves

Valves of the Heart

• Bicuspid or mitral valve (left)

• Tricuspid valve (right)

Atrioventricular Valves

• Pulmonary

• Aortic

Semilunar valves

Systole

Contraction of atria/ventricles or pumping of blood

Systolic Pressure

blood pressure value recorded first during measurement

120–140 mmHg

normal systolic pressure range for adults

60–80 mmHg

normal diastolic pressure range for children

Atrial depolarization

What does the P wave represent on an ECG?

Enlargement of an atrium

A large P wave on an ECG suggests

QRS complex

Which part of the ECG represents rapid ventricular depolarization?

Myocardial infarction

What does a large Q wave indicate?

Enlarged ventricles

What does a large R wave suggest?

Ventricular repolarization

What does the T wave represent?

Low oxygen supply to the myocardium

A flat T wave on an ECG may indicate:

Hyperkalemia

An elevated T wave is most commonly associated with:

Arteries

type of vessel that carries oxygenated blood to supply the organs of the body

Veins

type of vessel that carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart

• Arteries

• Veins

Blood Vessels

• Plasma

• Blood cells

Blood

• RBC

• WBC

• Platelets

types of blood cells

straw colored

color of plasma

• Dissolved gases

• salts

• nutrients

• enzymes

• hormones

• wastes

• proteins

Plasma is composed of 90% water and 10% of which of the following?

• Albumins

• globulins

• fibrinogen

types of plasma proteins

• Fatty acids

• hormones

• vitamins

Albumins and globulins are responsible for transporting which substances?

Fibrinogen

plasma protein responsible for blood’s ability to clot

Dark red

What is the color of blood in veins?

Bright red

What is the color of blood in arteries?

Absent

Is pulsation present in veins?

Present

Is pulsation present in arteries?

Present

Are valves present in veins?

Absent

Are valves present in arteries?

Superficial & deep

Where are veins typically found in relation to the surface of the body?

Deep, surrounded by muscle

Where are arteries typically found in relation to the surface of the body?

• Thin walled

• Larger lumen

Describe the structure of veins in terms of wall thickness and lumen size.

• Thick walled

• Smaller lumen

Describe the structure of arteries in terms of wall thickness and lumen size.

Carries blood towards the heart

What is the main purpose of veins in circulation?

Carries blood away from the heart

What is the main purpose of arteries in circulation?

Venipuncture

• It is the process of obtaining intravenous access for the purpose of intravenous therapy or diagnosis.

• In radiography, it is mainly used to access vein for intravenous CM injection.

To ease the patient's fear and reduce discomfort

Why is it important to explain procedural steps to a patient before a procedure?

It causes vasoconstriction, making venipuncture more painful

What effect can anxiety have on venipuncture?

To determine the potential for adverse reaction to contrast

When assessing a patient, why is it important to ask about food and medication allergies?

• Procedural steps

• Expected duration

• Limitations and restrictions

Important to explain in Patient education

Some diabetes medications interact adversely with contrast

Why should a patient's current medications be reviewed before a procedure involving contrast?

Because pain experience is different for each patient

Why is it important to be honest about the pain a patient might feel during a procedure?

They indicate normal kidney function

Why are lab values for BUN and creatinine checked before administering contrast?

It determines the site for venipuncture

How can a history of surgical procedures affect venipuncture?

To determine the appropriate amount of contrast

Why is it important to assess past and current disease processes before a procedure with contrast?

Honest, factual, and appropriate information

What type of information should be provided to patients before a procedure?

• History of allergies

• Current medication

• Surgical procedures

• Past and current disease

• Lab values for BUN & Creatinine

Patient Assessment

It may cause infection

What can happen if venipuncture is performed incorrectly?

• Strict aseptic techniques

• universal precautions

Which practices are essential to prevent infection during venipuncture?

They can reduce the risk of infection

How can IV filters help in infection control?

Barrier protection

Which type of protection is used to prevent skin and mucous membrane contact with blood or other body fluids?

Gloves

What should you wear to prevent contact with blood, infectious materials, or other potentially contaminated surfaces?

If blood or bodily fluid droplets may be generated during a procedure

When should face protection be used?

Protective clothing

If blood or bodily fluid may be splashed during a procedure, what should you wear?