Fertilization and Contraception

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Vocabulary flashcards on fertilization, contraception, and related concepts from lecture notes.

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23 Terms

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Fertilization

The process of joining haploid male and female gametes to create a diploid zygote.

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Chemotaxis

Sperm swim toward chemical signals the egg and cumulus cells release.

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Thermotaxis

Temperature gradient that help sperm find the egg.

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Rheotaxis

Sperm swim against current to find the egg.

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Capacitation

Removal of cholesterol and glycoproteins covering the acrosome preparing it for the acrosomal reaction.

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Cumulus oophorus

Follicle cells covering the oocyte after ovulation.

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Hyaluronidase

Enzyme from the sperm that disperses hyaluronic acid in the cumulus cells.

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Zona pellucida

Network of glycoproteins secreted by follicle cells during follicle maturation.

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Fertilins

Proteins on the sperm membrane that bind to integrins on the egg membrane, mediating membrane fusion.

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Integrins

Proteins on the egg membrane that bind to fertilins on the sperm membrane, mediating membrane fusion.

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Polyspermy

Fertilization by more than one sperm

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Depolarization of the oocyte membrane

Fast block to polyspermy involving a change in membrane potential.

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Cortical reaction

Slow block to polyspermy, cortical granules beneath the oocyte membrane release their contents into the perivitelline space.

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Pronucleus

Oocyte nucleus after meiosis II is complete and before fusion with sperm pronucleus.

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oocyte activation

The completion of Meiosis II, Mass degradation and post-translational modification of proteins stored in oocyte.

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Parthenogenesis

Onset of development in the absence of fertilization.

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Dizygotic twins

Twins resulting from multiple oocytes fertilized independently.

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Monozygotic twins

Twins resulting from one embryo splitting into two.

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Fraternal twins

Multiple oocytes are fertilized independently in the same reproductive cycle

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Identical twins

One embryo splits into two early in development

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Conjoined twins

Twins joined after day 9 of development.

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Parasitic twins

An asymmetrical conjoined twin where one twin is underdeveloped and cannot support life.

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Salpingectomy

Surgical removal of the uterine tubes