AP Psychology: Unit 4 (Motivation & Emotion)

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Instinct

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry (blood glucose, temp. regulation) around a particular level

Incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Affiliation need

the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group (enhanced survival)

Self-determination theory

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Intrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Extrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Social networking

the use of cell phones, texting, instant messaging, and social networking platforms to connect with others

Balanced use of social media

maintaining a balanced and intentional use of social media to avoid negative feelings and distractions

Time awareness online

being aware of time spent online and how it affects your feelings

Post necessity

asking yourself if your posts are necessary and align with the way you wish to be perceived

Notification management

disabling notifications when you need to focus on a task

Refocusing techniques

going outside or engaging in other activities to refocus attention after distractions

Achievement motivation

the drive to pursue and attain goals, often encouraged through specific strategies

Social isolation from networking

the impact of social networking sites on levels of social isolation among individuals

Self-disclosure in electronic communication

the extent to which electronic communication stimulates healthy self-disclosure among users

Achievement Motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

Grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Washburn study

contractions of the stomach

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues (when its level is low, we feel hunger)

Set point

the point at which an individual's 'weight thermostat' is supposedly set; when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy output

Obesity

defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, which is calculated from our weight-to-height ratio (Individuals who are overweight have a BMI of 25 or higher)

Emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal (2) expressive behaviors (3) conscious experience

Common Sense theory

emotion before arousal

James-Lange theory

our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (arousal before emotion)

Cannon-Bard theory

an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Two-factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused (2) cognitively label the arousal

Spillover effect

the tendency for one person's emotion to affect how other people around them feel

Robert Zajonc

some reactions occur without interpretation

LeDoux's high and low road

the pathways through which emotions are processed in the brain

Lazarus

appraisal without awareness

Autonomic nervous system

the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes

Sympathetic nervous system

the part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats

Parasympathetic nervous system

the part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body

Polygraph

a machine used in attempts to detect lies (measures emotion-linked changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing)

Facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness

Behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others thoughts, feelings, and actions