Crusades

Political fragmentation

The division of Europe into many small kingdoms with no central power after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Agricultural Innovations

Advancements such as the carruca, new horse collar, and three-field crop rotation that improved food production in the European Revival.

Primogeniture

An inheritance system where the eldest son inherits everything, leaving younger sons without land.

The Crusades

A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians to retake the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem, from Muslim control.

Carruca

A heavy iron plow developed to better suit northern European soils.

Three-field system

A method of rotating crops over three fields to boost food output.

Effects of the Crusades

Included temporary Christian control of Jerusalem, increased contact with Muslim cultures, and long-term religious tension.

Papal encouragement

The support given by the Pope, notably from Urban II, for initiating the First Crusade.

Horse collar

An innovation that allowed horses to effectively pull heavy loads, increasing agricultural efficiency.

Idle knights

Knights with no wars to fight at home, often seeking land or purpose leading to the Crusades.

Chivalry

The concept of chivalry guided knights toward an ethical code of conduct, emphasizing virtues such as honor, courtesy, and bravery.

Guilds

Organizations that regulated prices, quality, and quantity of goods produced by their members, fostering economic stability in medieval towns.

Hanseatic League

Commercial associations of towns that monopolized trade in the Baltic and North Sea regions of Medieval Europe.

Commercial Revolution

The revival of trade that spurred economic growth and urbanization in medieval Europe, transforming society from a primarily agrarian structure.

Communes

Self-governing towns escaping control by lords, where residents could gain freedom after living for a year and a day.

Political fragmentation

The division of Europe into many small kingdoms with no central power after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Agricultural Innovations

Advancements such as the carruca, new horse collar, and three-field crop rotation that improved food production in the European Revival.

Primogeniture

An inheritance system where the eldest son inherits everything, leaving younger sons without land.

The Crusades

A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians to retake the Holy Land, especially Jerusalem, from Muslim control.

Carruca

A heavy iron plow developed to better suit northern European soils.

Three-field system

A method of rotating crops over three fields to boost food output.

Effects of the Crusades

Included temporary Christian control of Jerusalem, increased contact with Muslim cultures, and long-term religious tension.

Papal encouragement

The support given by the Pope, notably from Urban II, for initiating the First Crusade.

Horse collar

An innovation that allowed horses to effectively pull heavy loads, increasing agricultural efficiency.

Idle knights

Knights with no wars to fight at home, often seeking land or purpose leading to the Crusades.

Chivalry

The concept of chivalry guided knights toward an ethical code of conduct, emphasizing virtues such as honor, courtesy, and bravery.

Guilds

Organizations that regulated prices, quality, and quantity of goods produced by their members, fostering economic stability in medieval towns.

Hanseatic League

Commercial associations of towns that monopolized trade in the Baltic and North Sea regions of Medieval Europe.

Commercial Revolution

The revival of trade that spurred economic growth and urbanization in medieval Europe, transforming society from a primarily agrarian structure.

Communes

Self-governing towns escaping control by lords, where residents could gain freedom after living for a year and a day.