THEORIES AND CRIME CAUSATION PRELIMS

Human Behavior

used to describe a person ‘s actions and conduct. it also refers to reactions to facts of relationship between the individual and his environment.

moi

it refers to a person’s sense of who he is , his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness.

personne

composed of social concepts of what it means to be who he is.

Socrates

He believed that the best life and the life most suited to human nature involve reasoning. he also believed that nobody willingly chooses to do wrong'

Plato

he believed that human behavior flows from three main sources: desire , motion, and knowledge.

Theory

According to Fredda Adler, a _____ is a statement that explains the relationship between abstract concepts in a meaningful way.

Social Theory

systematic set of interrelated statements or principles that explain aspects of social life

theory

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. (OXFORD’S DICTIONARY)

contemplation or speculation

it is derived from the GREEK word “theoria” which means _________

theory

a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle of body of principles offered to explain phenomena. It is synonymous with the terms thesis, hypothesis, supposition, and proposition.

Theory

is a principle or a body of interrelated principles that supports to explain or predict a number of interrelated phenomena.

Moore

he stated that theory is a related set of concepts and principles about a phenomenon

concepts and principles

what are the two components of theory?

concept

a symbolic representation of an actual thing.

construct

is the word for concepts with no physical referent.

speculative

attempts to explain what is happening

descriptive

gathers descriptive data to describe what is really happening.

constructive

revise old theories and develops new ones based on continuing research

abductive reasoning

incomplete observations = best prediction (may be true)

deductive reasoning

general rule = specific conclusion (always true)

inductive reasoning

specific observation = general conclusion (may be true)

Grounded Theory

it is developed by Barney Glaser and Ansekm Strauss.

inspired by inductive reasoning.

Asserts that theory is “discovered” as the result of systematically analysing data or data mining techniques .

hypothesis

is a tentative assumption made in order to draw iut and test its logical or empirical consequences.

Felony

a crime punishable by Revised Penal Code

Offense

a crime punishable by Special Laws

Misdemeanor

when it violated an ordinance

David Emily

he believed that criminality is “normal” factor rather than a pathological one.

Abrahamsen

According to __________ , Crime is a product of the individual’s tendencies and the situation of the moment interacting with his mental resistance letting “C” stands for crime, “T” for tendencies, ‘S’ for situation, and ‘R’ for resistance.

Tendencies “T”

Refers to agressive inclinations of an indirect nature

Situation “S”

an indeterminate factor in mobilizing the criminal act. as each person has a unique psychological make-up, it follows that only he can achieve a particular aim in a given environment.

Resistance “R”

the ability to control ones negative emotions, such as bad temperament, anger, etc.

CLASSICAL SCHOOL

developed in the 18th century, emphasizes the idea that individuals have free will and make rational choices. Criminals are rational actors who choose to commit crimes based on a cost-benefit analysis. Punishment should be proportionate to the crime and serve as a deterrent.

CESARE BECCARIA

he is a prominent figure associated with the Classical School.

NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL

this school believed that “Let the children and lunatic criminals be exempted from punishment”

CESARE LOMBROSO

FATHER OF CRIMINOLOGY

CESARE LOMBROSO

he explained that criminals commit crimes because they are mentally-ill, sick and disturbed individuals"; that is why they need to be treated instead of being punished.

THEORY OF CRIMINAL ATIVISM

the idea that criminals manifest anomalies that make them biologically and physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution

Italian or Positivist School

it is developed in the nineteenth century as an attempt to apply scientific methods to the study of the criminal while rejecting the legal definition of crime.

CESARE LOMBROSO

he is the FOUNDER OF CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY

RAFFAELE GAROFALO

an italian criminologist and a student of lombroso noted that the concept of a “criminal” presupposes the concept of “crime”.

RAFFAELE GAROFALO

he defined crime, not as a violation of a law, but as a violation of nature. An act was a crime if it violated human nature in either of two forms: probity, which is honesty and integrity, and pity which is compassion for others.

ENRICO FERRI

a highly successful trial lawyer and perhaps italy’s perhaps greatest contemporary forensic orator, stated that “crime must be studied in the offender and said that a person is legally or socially responsible for his actions by the fact that he is a member of society, not because he is capable of willing an illegal act”.

ITALIAN OR POSITIVIST SCHOOL

main notion that “LET THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE CRIMINAL”

BIOSOCIAL THEORY

viewed that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases.

BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS

stress on the relationship between antisocial behavior and biochemical makeup and that body chemistry can govern behavior and personality, including levels of aggression and depression.

HORMONAL LEVELS

another area of biochemical research emphasized that antisocial behavior allegedly peaks in the teenage years because hormonal activity is at its highest level during these period.

NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION

another concentration of biosocial theory is the neurological structure, or brain or nervous system of the offenders.

MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION

is defined as the damage to the brain itself that causes antisocial behavior injurious to the individuals lifestyle and social adjustment.

GENETIC INFLUENCES

focused on the idea that individuals who share the same genes are alike in personality regardless of how they reared, while the rearing environment induces lethal or no personality resemblance

PARENT-CHILD SIMILARITIES

a number of studies found out that parental criminality and deviance do, in fact, powerfully influence delinquent behavior. Donald J. West and David P. Farirngton (1986).

SIBLING AND TWIN SIMILARITIES

biosocial theories have compared the behavior of twins and nontwins siblings and found out that the twins, who share more genetic material, are also more similar in their behavior.

ADOPTION STUDIES

Sarnoof Mednick and Bernard Hutchings (1983) forced to include base on there study that gentics played atleast some role in creating delinquent tendencies.

SOMATOTYPING THEORY

which associates body physique to behavior and criminality

ERNST KRETCHMER

He is a german psychiatrist neurologist and psychopathologist. He related this body shapes to various psychiatric disorders pyknics to manic depression.

MANIC DEPRESSION

refers to any of several psychological disorders of mood characterized usually by alternating episodes of depression and mania.

SCHIZOPHRENIA

is a mental disorder that is characyerized by disturbances in thought (sch us delusions), perception, (such us hallucination), and behavior (such as disorganized speech or cathotic behavior), by loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme apathy, and by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life.

WILLIAM H. SHELDON JR.

he is an american psychologist and physician who devised his own group of somatotypes the endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph.

asthenic

_______ lean, slighty built, narrow shoulders

athletic

______ medium to tall, strong, mascular, coarse bones

pyknic

__________ medium height, rounded figure, massive neck, and broad face.