Chapter 2 key terms

Anatomy

Surface anatomy

Study of the structural relationships of external features to internal organs and parts

Regions of the head

Regions including frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, auricular, orbital, nasal, infraorbital, zygomatic, buccal, oral, and mental regions

Frontal region

Region of the head that includes forehead and supraorbital area

Supraorbital ridge

Ridge over orbit on frontal bone; directly inferior to each eyebrow

Glabella

Smooth elevated area on frontal bone between supraorbital ridges; between the eyebrows

Frontal eminence

The prominence of the forehead

Parietal region

Region of the head that overlies parietal bones covered by scalp

Occipital region

Region of head overlying occipital bone and covered by scalp

Scalp

Layers of soft tissue overlying the bones of the braincase (cranium)

Temporal region

Region of the head with prominent feature of external ear

Temple

Superficial side of the head posterior to each eye

Auricular region

Region of the head with external ear as prominent feature

External ear

Outer ear

Auricle

Oval flap of external ear

External acoustic meatus (EAM)

Canal leading to tympanic cavity

Helix

Superior and posterior free margin of auricle

Lobule

Interior fleshy protuberance from helix of auricle

Tragus

Flap of tissue of auricle anterior to external acoustic meatus

Antitragus

Flap of tissue opposite tragus of ear

Intertragic notch

Small groove between tragus and antitragus on surface of ear

Orbital region

Region of head with eyeball and supporting structures

Orbit

Eye cavity containing eyeball

Sclera

White area of eyeball

Iris

Central colored area of eye

Pupil

Black area in center of iris responding to changing light conditions

Lacrimal fluid

Tears or watery fluid excreted by lacrimal gland

Conjuctiva

Membrane lining inside of each of eyelids at front of eyeball

Lateral canthus

Outer corner(s) of eye

Medial canthus

Inner angle(s) of eye

Nasal region

Region of head with external nose main feature

External nose

Surface anatomic region of nose

Root of the nose

Area of nasal region between eyes

Nasion

Midline junction between nasal and frontal bones

Bridge of the nose

Bony structure inferior to nasion in nasal region

Apex of the nose

Tip of nose

Naris

Nostril(s) of nose

Nasal septum

Vertical partition of nasal cavity

Nasal septal cartilage

Inferior part of nasal septum

Ala

Winglike cartilaginous structure(s) that laterally borders naris (nares)

Infraorbital region

Region of head located inferior to orbital region and lateral to nasal region

Zygomatic region

Region of the head overlying cheekbone

Zygomatic arch

Arch formed by union of temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

Temporomandibular joint (TMI)

Articulation between temporal bone and mandible allowing movement or mandible

Buccal region

Region of head composed of soft tissue of cheek

Masseter muscle

Most obvious and strongest muscle of mastication

Vertical dimension of the face

Face divided into thirds

Golden proportions

Guidelines for considering vertical dimensions of face to create esthetic and functional proportion

Oral region

Region of head containing lips, oral cavity, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, parts of pharynx

Vermilion zone

Outline of entire lip from surrounding skin

Mucocutaneous junction

Lips outlined from surrounding skin

Vermilion border

Edge of vermilion zone

Philtrum

Vertical groove on skin in midline superior to upper lip

Tubercle of the upper lip

Thicker area in termination of midline of upper lip

Labial commissure

Corner of mouth where upper and lower lips meet

Nasolabial sulcus

Groove between labial commissure and ala of nose

Labiomental groove

Groove separating lower lip from chin

Oral cavity

Inside of the mouth

Maxilla(e)

Partial upper jaw

Mandible

Single facial bone articulating bilaterally with temporal bones at TMJ

Angle of the mandible

Bend of mandible at intersection of posterior and inferior borders of mandibular ramus

Facial

Structure closest to facial surface

Labial

Structure closest to lips

Buccal

Structure closest to inner cheek

Lingual

Structure closest to tongue

Palatal

Structure closest to palate

Oral mucosa

Mucous membrane lining oral cavity

Labial mucosa

Lining of inner parts of lips

Buccal mucosa

Mucosa that lines inner cheek

Buccal fat pad

Dense pad of tissue in cheek covered by buccal mucosa

Parotid papilla

Small elevation of tissue that marks opening of parotid located opposite maxillary second molar on inner cheek

Maxillary tuberosity

Elevation on posterior aspect of each maxilla

Retromolar pad

Dense pad of tissue distal to most distal tooth of mandible and covering retromolar triangle

Vestibules

Upper and lower spaces between cheeks, lips, gingival tissue in oral region

Vestibular fornix

Deepest recess of each vestibule

Alveolar mucosa

Mucosa lining vestibules of oral cavity

Mucobuccal fold

Fold within vestibule where labial or buccal mucosa meets alveolar mucosa

Labial frenum

Fold of tissue or frenulum located at midline between labial mucosa and alveolar mucosa of maxillae or mandible

Alveolar process

Part of mandible and maxilla containing roots of mandibular and maxillary teeth

Alveolus

Tooth socket in alveolar process surrounding tooth root

Maxillary teeth

Teeth within maxillae

Mandibular teeth

Teeth within mandible

Incisors

Anteriors first and second from midline consisting of bth centrals and laterals, respectively

Canines

Anteriors as third teeth from midline in each quadrant

Premolars

Posteriors fourth and fifth from midline in permanent dentition including firsts and seconds respectively

Molars

Most distal of posteriors including firsts, seconds, and thirds

Gingiva

Mucosa(e) surrounding maxillary and mandibular teeth

Attached gingiva

Gingiva tightly adhering to bone over roots of teeth

Mucogingival junction

Border between alveolar mucosa and attached gingiva

Marginal gingiva

Nonattached gingiva at gingival margin of each tooth

Gingival sulcus

Space facing sulcular gingiva

Interdental gingiva

Attached gingiva between teeth

Interdental papilla

Extension of interdental gingiva between adjacent teeth

Melanin

Natural pigment produced by cells in the gums and oral mucosa that causes natural dark spots and patches

Palate

Roof of mouth

Hard palate

Anterior part of palate formed by palatine processes of maxillae and posterior part by horizontal plates of palatine bones

Incisive papilla

Bulge of tissue on anterior hard palate over incisive foramen

Palatine rugae

Irregular ridges of tissue surrounding incisive papilla on hard palate

Soft palate

Posterior nonbony part of palate

Uvula of the palate

Midline muscular structure hanging from posterior margin of soft palate

Median palatine raphe

Midline tendinous band on palate superficial to median palatine suture