IPHY 2400 - Urology

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92 Terms

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urology

study of the urinary tract

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location of kidneys

retroperitoneal

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ureter

12 inch tube that connects the renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder

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Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

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ureteral orifices

The opening of a ureter into the urinary bladder

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glomerulonephritis

infection and inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney, occurs as a complication of acute viral or streptococcal infection, when antigens-antibody complexes clog the pores of capillaries in the glomeruli

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hydronephrosis

condition in which urine distends the renal pelvis and calices or ureter; occurs when a blood clot, infection, or kidney stone blocks the flow of urine

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nephrolithiasis

formation of kidney stones (calculus) in the urinary system, scrapes against the mucosa of the ureter and bladder causes muscle spasm

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calculus

kidney stone

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nephropathy

disease of the kidney

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nephrotosis

abnormally low position of a kidney, drooping kidney

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polycystic kidney disease

hereditary disorder characterized by hundreds of fluid-filled cysts throughout both kidneys, cysts destroy nephrons and causes kidney failure

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pyelonephritis

infection and inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacteria that travel upward from the bladder

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renal cell cancer

Cancerous tumor (carcinoma) that arises from tubules in the nephron.

Treatment: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy

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renal failure

disease in which urine production decreases and may even stop, can occur due to acute or chronic disease processes

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

occurs suddenly, usually due to trauma, blood loss, or overwhelming infection

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

occurs gradually, with renal insufficiency progressing to renal failure

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uremia

condition in which there is excessive buildup of urea in the blood due to renal failure

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urinary tract infection (UTI)

bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract; usually involves E. coli that have traveled from the rectum into the urethra

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fundus

top of uterus

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rugae

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

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internal urethral sphincter

involuntary smooth muscle

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external urethral sphincter

voluntary skeletal muscle

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cyst/o

bladder

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vesic/o

bladder

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bladder cancer

Presence of a cancerous tumor (carcinoma) in the epithelial cells of the bladder.

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cystitis

infection or inflammation of the bladder

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cystocele

hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum

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incontinence

inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder

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stress urinary incontinence

involuntary discharge of urine during coughing, straining, or sudden movements, caused by weak pelvic floor muscles

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neurogenic bladder

Condition in which nerves to the bladder are not working properly; this causes urinary retention because the bladder does not contract.

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overactive bladder

Condition in which the bladder has too many involuntary contractions, resulting in urgency and frequency; also known as urge incontinence.

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urinary retention

inability to empty the bladder, caused by obstruction, nerve damage, or side effects of certain drugs

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vesicovaginal fistula

abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina; urine flows through this passageway and continually leaks out of the body through the vagina

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urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

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urethritis

infection or inflammation of the urethra

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albuminuria

presence of albumin in the urine; also called proteinuria, arises from damage to pores in the capillaries of the glomerulus, early sign of kidney disease or preeclampsia

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anuria

absence of urine production by the kidneys

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bacteriuria

presence of bacteria in the urine

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dysuria

painful or difficult urination

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enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine

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frequency

urinating often, in small amounts

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glycosuria

presence of glucose in the urine, associated with diabetes mellitus

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hematuria

blood in the urine

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hesitancy

inability to initiate a normal stream of urine

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ketonuria

ketones in the urine

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nocturia

increased frequency and urgency of urination during the night

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oliguria

decreased or scanty output of urine

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polyuria

excessive urination, symptom of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus

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pyuria

presence of white cells or pus in the urine, usually indicating UTI

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urgency

strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure in the bladder as the bladder contracts repeatedly, caused by obstruction or inflammation

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enlargement of the kidney due to constant pressure due to backed-up urine is called...

hydronephrosis

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nephroptosis occurs when the kidney is...

drooping

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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

measurement of urea levels in blood, elevated levels mean kidneys are not working

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creatinine

blood test that measures the amount of creatinine in the blood. An elevated amount may indicate impaired kidney function.

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culture and sensitivity

test in which urine sample is swabbed

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drug screening

Urine test performed to evaluate whether an individual is using illegal, addictive, or performance-enhancing drugs

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leukocyte esterase

Quick urine dipstick test that detects the enzyme esterase, which is associated with the white blood cells that are present with a urinary tract infection.

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urinalysis

urine test that describes the general characteristics of a patients urine

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albumin

in the urine that indicates damage to the glomerlus

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color

normal = light yellow to amber

pink/red = bleeding in the urinary tract... kidney stone maybe

turbid/opaque = UTI

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glucose

when in urine, it indicates uncontrolled diabetes melilituis

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ketones

when in urine, indicates diabetes or malnutrition

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odor

normal = faint

fruity-smelling = diabetes

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pH

normal = slightly alkaline, just over 7

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Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and contrast dye to visualize the urinary system.

• Dye is injected intravenously, then flows through the blood into the kidneys.

• From the kidneys, the dye outlines the structures of the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

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KUB x-ray

X-ray study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

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renal angiography

x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney

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ultrasonography

the use of high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of an organ or tissue in the urinary system

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voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

Procedure in which contrast dye is inserted into the bladder through a catheter; the dye outlines the bladder and urethra, and an x-ray image is taken while the patient is urinating.

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catherization (cath)

insertion of a catheter (hollow flexible tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid, most commonly through the urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine

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dialysis

a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function

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hemodialysis (HD)

a fistula is surgically created to accomodate two needles

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peritoneal dialysis

a permanent catheter is inserted through the abdmonial wall; dialysate fluid is put into abdominal cavity, overall cleans and removes waste products and blood

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intake and output

the procedure to record all fluids put into the body and all fluids that come out of the body

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urine specimen

Procedure to obtain a urine specimen for testing

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antibiotics

treat UTIs

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antipasmodics

relax smooth muscle in the walls of the urinary tract; used to treat cystitis or overreactive bladder

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diuretics

block sodium from being absorbed back into the blood, increases urine volume

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overarctive bladder drugs

decrease contractions of smooth muscle in the bladder

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potassium supplements

replace potassium due to depletion caused by diuretics

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urinary analgesic

drug used to relieve pain within the urinary system

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cystectomy

surgical removal of the bladder

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cystoscopy

the use of an endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder

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kidney transplantation

transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)

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lithotripsy

procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

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nephrectomy

surgical removal of a kidney

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nephropexy

surgical correction of an abnormally low kidney by suturing it into the correct position

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renal biopsy

removal of the kidney for microscopic examination by a pathologist

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stone basketing

Procedure in which a cystoscope is inserted into the bladder. A stone basket is then passed through the cystoscope to snare a kidney stone and remove it.

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nephrolithotomy

incision into a kidney to remove a stone

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urethroplasty

Plastic surgery procedure to reposition the urethral meatus in male patients who have hypospadias or epispadias.