1/91
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
urology
study of the urinary tract
location of kidneys
retroperitoneal
ureter
12 inch tube that connects the renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder
Peristalsis
Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
ureteral orifices
The opening of a ureter into the urinary bladder
glomerulonephritis
infection and inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney, occurs as a complication of acute viral or streptococcal infection, when antigens-antibody complexes clog the pores of capillaries in the glomeruli
hydronephrosis
condition in which urine distends the renal pelvis and calices or ureter; occurs when a blood clot, infection, or kidney stone blocks the flow of urine
nephrolithiasis
formation of kidney stones (calculus) in the urinary system, scrapes against the mucosa of the ureter and bladder causes muscle spasm
calculus
kidney stone
nephropathy
disease of the kidney
nephrotosis
abnormally low position of a kidney, drooping kidney
polycystic kidney disease
hereditary disorder characterized by hundreds of fluid-filled cysts throughout both kidneys, cysts destroy nephrons and causes kidney failure
pyelonephritis
infection and inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacteria that travel upward from the bladder
renal cell cancer
Cancerous tumor (carcinoma) that arises from tubules in the nephron.
Treatment: Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
renal failure
disease in which urine production decreases and may even stop, can occur due to acute or chronic disease processes
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
occurs suddenly, usually due to trauma, blood loss, or overwhelming infection
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
occurs gradually, with renal insufficiency progressing to renal failure
uremia
condition in which there is excessive buildup of urea in the blood due to renal failure
urinary tract infection (UTI)
bacterial infection somewhere in the urinary tract; usually involves E. coli that have traveled from the rectum into the urethra
fundus
top of uterus
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
internal urethral sphincter
involuntary smooth muscle
external urethral sphincter
voluntary skeletal muscle
cyst/o
bladder
vesic/o
bladder
bladder cancer
Presence of a cancerous tumor (carcinoma) in the epithelial cells of the bladder.
cystitis
infection or inflammation of the bladder
cystocele
hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum
incontinence
inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder
stress urinary incontinence
involuntary discharge of urine during coughing, straining, or sudden movements, caused by weak pelvic floor muscles
neurogenic bladder
Condition in which nerves to the bladder are not working properly; this causes urinary retention because the bladder does not contract.
overactive bladder
Condition in which the bladder has too many involuntary contractions, resulting in urgency and frequency; also known as urge incontinence.
urinary retention
inability to empty the bladder, caused by obstruction, nerve damage, or side effects of certain drugs
vesicovaginal fistula
abnormal passageway connecting the bladder to the vagina; urine flows through this passageway and continually leaks out of the body through the vagina
urethra
tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
urethritis
infection or inflammation of the urethra
albuminuria
presence of albumin in the urine; also called proteinuria, arises from damage to pores in the capillaries of the glomerulus, early sign of kidney disease or preeclampsia
anuria
absence of urine production by the kidneys
bacteriuria
presence of bacteria in the urine
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
frequency
urinating often, in small amounts
glycosuria
presence of glucose in the urine, associated with diabetes mellitus
hematuria
blood in the urine
hesitancy
inability to initiate a normal stream of urine
ketonuria
ketones in the urine
nocturia
increased frequency and urgency of urination during the night
oliguria
decreased or scanty output of urine
polyuria
excessive urination, symptom of diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
pyuria
presence of white cells or pus in the urine, usually indicating UTI
urgency
strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure in the bladder as the bladder contracts repeatedly, caused by obstruction or inflammation
enlargement of the kidney due to constant pressure due to backed-up urine is called...
hydronephrosis
nephroptosis occurs when the kidney is...
drooping
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
measurement of urea levels in blood, elevated levels mean kidneys are not working
creatinine
blood test that measures the amount of creatinine in the blood. An elevated amount may indicate impaired kidney function.
culture and sensitivity
test in which urine sample is swabbed
drug screening
Urine test performed to evaluate whether an individual is using illegal, addictive, or performance-enhancing drugs
leukocyte esterase
Quick urine dipstick test that detects the enzyme esterase, which is associated with the white blood cells that are present with a urinary tract infection.
urinalysis
urine test that describes the general characteristics of a patients urine
albumin
in the urine that indicates damage to the glomerlus
color
normal = light yellow to amber
pink/red = bleeding in the urinary tract... kidney stone maybe
turbid/opaque = UTI
glucose
when in urine, it indicates uncontrolled diabetes melilituis
ketones
when in urine, indicates diabetes or malnutrition
odor
normal = faint
fruity-smelling = diabetes
pH
normal = slightly alkaline, just over 7
Intravenous pyelography (IVP)
Radiologic procedure that uses x-rays and contrast dye to visualize the urinary system.
• Dye is injected intravenously, then flows through the blood into the kidneys.
• From the kidneys, the dye outlines the structures of the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
KUB x-ray
X-ray study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
renal angiography
x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney
ultrasonography
the use of high-frequency sound waves to produce an image of an organ or tissue in the urinary system
voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
Procedure in which contrast dye is inserted into the bladder through a catheter; the dye outlines the bladder and urethra, and an x-ray image is taken while the patient is urinating.
catherization (cath)
insertion of a catheter (hollow flexible tube) into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid, most commonly through the urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine
dialysis
a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function
hemodialysis (HD)
a fistula is surgically created to accomodate two needles
peritoneal dialysis
a permanent catheter is inserted through the abdmonial wall; dialysate fluid is put into abdominal cavity, overall cleans and removes waste products and blood
intake and output
the procedure to record all fluids put into the body and all fluids that come out of the body
urine specimen
Procedure to obtain a urine specimen for testing
antibiotics
treat UTIs
antipasmodics
relax smooth muscle in the walls of the urinary tract; used to treat cystitis or overreactive bladder
diuretics
block sodium from being absorbed back into the blood, increases urine volume
overarctive bladder drugs
decrease contractions of smooth muscle in the bladder
potassium supplements
replace potassium due to depletion caused by diuretics
urinary analgesic
drug used to relieve pain within the urinary system
cystectomy
surgical removal of the bladder
cystoscopy
the use of an endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder
kidney transplantation
transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another (recipient)
lithotripsy
procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
nephrectomy
surgical removal of a kidney
nephropexy
surgical correction of an abnormally low kidney by suturing it into the correct position
renal biopsy
removal of the kidney for microscopic examination by a pathologist
stone basketing
Procedure in which a cystoscope is inserted into the bladder. A stone basket is then passed through the cystoscope to snare a kidney stone and remove it.
nephrolithotomy
incision into a kidney to remove a stone
urethroplasty
Plastic surgery procedure to reposition the urethral meatus in male patients who have hypospadias or epispadias.