Exam 2 - water soluble: C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, choline, plant nutrients

what is the acronym for remembering the water soluble vitamins

TRN Past Palmer on Brady For Coffee

thiamin (B1)

riboflavin (B2)

Niacin (B3)

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

Pyridoxal phosphate (B6)

Biotin (B7)

Folate (B9)

Cobalamin (B12)

how are most water soluble vitamins absorbed? which one uses a different method and what is the method?

facilitated diffusion

B12 uses receptor mediated endocytosis and passive diffusion

because water soluble vitamins use facilitated diffusion for absorption, this means they require carrier protein. What affect can this have on absorption rates?

they can decrease due to saturation of the carrier proteins. Only so many carry proteins are made

what is the alternative name for vitamin C?

ascorbic acid

is vitamin c essential for all mammals?

no

humans, primates, fruit bats, guinea pigs, few birds

what is the reduced form of Vitamin c

ascorbic acid

what is the oxidized form of vitamin c

dehydroascorbic acid

what is the main function of vitamin c

act as an antioxidant to regenerate vitamin E

in its coenzyme form, vitamin C is important for ____ synthesis and ____ of proline and lysine. It is also required for absorption of ___

collagen, hydroxylation, nonheme iron

vitamin C can also be used for redox purposes by acting on iron and copper to keep them in a ___ state

reduced

to convert proline and lysine to hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, what is the vitamin and cofactor that is requried

vitamin C

iron

too much vitamin C can have the opposite effect of working like an antioxidant. This is called pro-______. In this state, vitamin C generates ROS and free radicals

oxidant

what are the requirements for Vitamin C in males, females, and smokers

males: 90 mg

female: 75mg

Smokers: additional 35 mg

what population of people require more vitamin c? why?

smokers

they produce a lot of free radicals

what are some good sources of vitamin c

citrus, bell peppers, broccoli

describe the relationship between vitamin c dosage and absorption rates

higher dose results in decreased absorption

what are the two routes of administration for vitamin c

oral and IV

what can cause vitamin C to be unstable

oxygen, heat, basic pH, cooking in water, freezing

what condition results from Vitamin C deficiency

scurvy

what are some s/s of scurvy

bruising, pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fracture, poor healing, bleeding gums, tooth loss, corkscrew hair

what are the 4 H's of scurvy

hemorrhagic signs

hyperkeratosis of hair follicles

hypochondriasis

hematologic

toxicity of vitamin c can lead to what

osmotic diarrhea from LI fermentation

what are some populations that should not receive high dosage of vitamin c

those with kidney disease and impaired iron metabolism

increased risk for kidney stones due to vitamin c increasing absorption of oxalate

vitamin c helps with nonheme iron absorption = iron toxicity can occur

what is the name for Vitamin B1

thiamin

what does thiamin (B1) contain in its structure

thiazole ring

80% of thiamin (B1) is found in what form

thiamin diphosphate (TDP)

the TDP form of thiamin (B1) is the coenzyme form. This is important for activity of what

dehydrogenases for energy production

transketolase for NADPH and pentose synthesis

the step of turning pyruvate to acetyl CoA requires which vitamin

thiamin (B1)

the noncoenzyme form of thiamin (B1) is called what? what is its main function?

TTP

nervous system regulation of sodium and chloride transport

what are some sources of thiamin (B1)

yeast, pork, whole grains, enriched grains

what are some ways in which thiamin can become unstable

water, basic pH, heat, thiaminases in raw fish, phenolic acids from coffee, tea, blueberries

in order for a package to have an enriched grain label, what must it meet

requirement for thiamin, niacin, folic acid,, and iron

thiamin deficiency results in weakness of what?

muscles

what is the chronic form of thiamin deficiency called

beriberi

what are the different kinds of beriberi? describe each one

wet: edema, enlarged heart, high BP

dry: neural, low thiamin and high carb, tender calf muscle, symmetrical foot drop

acute: breastfed babies, 2-5 months of age, anorexia, nausea

Wernicke Korsakoff: alcoholics: decreased thiamin intake, absorption, psychosis, delirium, ataxia

what is the most common nutritional deficiency in alcoholics

thiamin (B1)

what is the name of the sign which involves weak neck muscles from thiamin (B1) deficiency

stargazing sign

which population has higher rates of thiamin (B1) deficiency

those who eat polished rice

what are some at risk populations for thiamin (B1) deficiency

alcoholics, older adults, HIV/AIDS, diabetics, gastric bypass patients

is toxicity of thiamin (B1) common

no

what is the name for vitamin B2

riboflavin

riboflavin (B2) works as a coenzyme for what reactions?

redox

The flavin ring is found in FAD and FMN which is important for both the ___ cycle and the ______

krebs, ETC

which step of beta oxidation uses riboflavin

1st step

utilizes dehydrogenases

FAD and FMN (part of riboflavin (B2)) are important for synthesis of what other vitamins

niacin, folate, B6

also nucleic acids

what are some sources of riboflavin

cow's milk

enriched grains

soybeans

what can cause riboflavin (B2) to become unstable

light, water

milk put in opaque containers

what are some initial s/s of riboflavin (B2) deficiency

photophobia, burning/itching of eyes, soreness of mouth

severe riboflavin (B2) deficiency can inhibit what

vitamin B6 and NAD synthesis

what is the name of riboflavin (B2) deficiency

ariboflavinosis

what is the most characteristic s/s of riboflavin (B2) deficiency

magenta tongue

what populations are at risk for riboflavin (B2) deficiency

low dairy intake, pregnant women, diabetes, stress, hypothyroidism

is there toxicity associated with riboflavin (B2)

no

higher dosage of riboflavin (B2) has been shown to be an effective treatment for what

migraines

what two structures are collectively referred to as niacin (B3)

nicotinamide and nicotinic acid

NAD and NADP are formed from niacin (B3). They work as coenzymes for _____

dehydrogenases

NAD is used in which cycles

glycolysis, krebs, Beta oxidation, ethanol metabolism

NADPH is used in which pathways

fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, folate synthesis

the non-coenzyme function of niacin (B3) is for ____ remodeling and ___ repair

chromatin, DNA

where do most of our niacin (B3) requirements come from

tryptophan

to convert tryptophan into niacin, what cofactor is needed? which coenzymes are needed?

iron

NADPH, Riboflavin, Vitamin B6, ATP

what are some sources of niacin

enriched cereals, chicken, fish, pork

those with high protein

what is the name of niacin (B3) deficiency

pellagra

what are the 4 D's of Pellagra

dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death

what are the 3 M's of pellagra

meat (pork fat), meal (corn), molasses

what other vitamin deficiency is often found with pellagra

ariboflavinosis

if one is deficient in riboflavin, they cannot make niacin

who is at risk for niacin (B3) deficiency

malabs, alcoholics, HIV, chemotherapy, older

can you get niacin (B3) toxicity from dietary sources

no

supplementation of niacin (B3) can lead to toxicity. What are some s/s

gout, flushing, liver damage

what vitamin is most likely to cause gout

niacin

what is the name for Vitamin B5

pantothenic acid

pantothenic acid is part of what important structures used for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins

CoA and acyl-carrier protein

what is acyl-carrier protein important for

fatty acid synthase

what are some dietary sources of pantothenic acid

meats, poultry, egg yolk, legumes, whole grains

all over

what are some ways pantothenic acid can be destroyed

freezing and cooking

what is the name for deficiency of pantothenic acid

burning foot syndrome

what are s/s of burning foot syndrom

numb toes, burning of hands and feet due to nerve inflammation, depression, fatigue, insomnia, weakness

is there a toxicity level associated with pantothenic acid

no

what is the name of vitamin B6

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

each vitamer of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP/B6) will start with what

pyridox-

what are some coenzyme functions of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP/B6)

AA metabolism

glycogen degradation

synthesis of HEME

myelin sheath

what are some functions of the noncoenzyme form of pyridoxal phosphate

facilitate binding of steroid hormones for gene expression

describe the relationship between intake of protein and requirement of B6

more protein intake = more B6 required

what are sources of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP/B6)

enriched grains, meats, nuts, grains

what are some s/s of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP/B6) deficiency

dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, stomatitis, peripheral neuropathy, hypochromic microcytic anemia

what deficiency is commonly found with a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP/B6) deficiency

folate

vitamin B6 toxicity leads to damage of what

nerves

what is the name of vitamin B7

biotin

what form of biotin (B7) is found in food

biocytin

biotin (B7) is bound to several ____ for FA synthesis, gluconeogenesis, metabolism of propionate and leucine

carboxylases

the non-coenzyme form of biotin (B7) functions in ___ expression through transcription of several enzymes

gene

what are some biotin-dependent enzymes

pyruvate carboxylase

acetyl-coa

propionyl-coa carboxylase

beta-methylcrotonyl-coa carboxylase

CARBOXYLASES

biotin (B7) plays a role in the krebs cycle by converting ___ to _____

pyruvate, oxaloacetate

what step is biotin (B7) a part of in FA synthesis

committed step

synthesis of malonyl coa

what are some sources of biotin (B7)

bacteria in LI

widely distributed in food

what is a potent binder of biotin (B7) and can lead to raw egg white injury due to its presence in raw egg whites

avidin

what are some s/s of biotin (B7)

dermatitis, anorexia, depression, alopecia, muscle pain, lethargy

a genetic condition of inborn error of metabolism of biotin can lead to what

biotinidase deficiency - screened for at birth

who is at risk for biotin (B7) deficiency

chronic alcoholics, those who eat excessive raw egg whites, pregnant and breastfeeding women

there is no toxicity associated with biotin (B7), but high dose supplementation can affect lab data from ___ and ___ tests

thyroid, vit d