Metabolism and Nutrition

What is the difference between macronutrients and mirco nutrients?

macronutrients: nutrients needed in large quantities g/L

micronutrients: nutrients needed in small amounts

what are the different types of macronutrients?

• carbohydrates

• proteins

• lipids

• water

what are the different types of micronutrients?

vitamins (organic)

minerals (inorganic)

VITAMINS

what does it mean for a vitamin to be water soluble?

it can be absorbed easily through the bloodstream/dissolve quickly

what does it mean for a vitamin to be fat soluble?

it dissolves in fats and oils

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

(B1) source and function:

source: grain, leafy greens, pork

function: coenzyme for pyruvate

(B2) source and function:

source: grains, diary

function: coenzyme needed to make FAD, produces acetylcholine

(B3) source and function:

source: grain, protein-rich food

function: coenzyme needed to make NAD, stops cholesterol production. promotes lipolysis

(B7) source and function:

source: egg yolk, peanuts

function: metabolism of carbs, fat, and proteins

(B9) source and function

source: grains, veggie legumes

function: activates vitamin b12

(B12) source and function:

source: meat, eggs, dairy, fish

function: erythropoiesis (rbc production)

(C) source and function:

source: bright fruits and veggies

function: protein anabolism, collagen synthesis, immune system, wound healing, and absorption of Fe+

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

(A) source and function:

source: milk, eggs, liver, dark green veggies and leaves

function: immune system, reproduction, vision

(D) source and function:

source: sunlight, milk, eggs, liver

function: absorption of Ca+ and phosphorous, bone growth and maintenance

(E) source and function:

source: seeds, nut oils, whole grains

function: promotes wound healing

(K) source and function:

source: dark leafy greens

function: produce clotting factors by the liver (produced in the large intestine)

VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES

what happens if someone has a vitamin a deficiency?A

night blindness

what happens if someone has a vitamin C deficiency?

scurvy; anemia, gum bleeding, bruising, sores

what happens if someone has a vitamin D deficiency?

rickets, osteomalacia (bone formation is soft)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ABSORPTIVE STATE AND POSTABSORPTIVE STATE

what is the absorptive state and what hormone regulates it?

when your ingesting your food; insulin

what are 4 characteristics of the absorptive state?

• increases absorption of carbs, lipids, proteins, and amino acids into the cells

• decreases blood glucose levels

• promotes glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis

• inhibits gluconeogenesis

what is the post-absorptive state and what hormone regulates it?

this is when your in-between meals; glucagon

what are 3 characteristics of the postabsorptive state?

• promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood sugar levels

• promotes lipolysis to make lipids available for fuel

• hormones like epinephrine, cortisol, and GH all play a part in the post absorptive state

what does epinephrine do for the post-absorptive state?

promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis

what does cortisol do for the post-absorptive state?

promote fat and protein catabolism and gluconeogenesis

what does growth hormone do for the post-absorptive state?

it is produced when there is a sudden drop on blood glucose levels, it increases blood glucose levels

METABOLISM

anabolism:

saller molecules made into bigger molecule

catabolism:

bigger molecules being broken down into smaller ones

what is the pre-optic area?

area in the hypothalamus that monitors theremoregulation

what is the chemical make up of glucose?

C6H12O6

what is the formula for cellular respiration?

1 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 30-32 ATP

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

what are the 3 phases of cellular respiration and what happens at each one?

• glycolysis (glucose is lysed/oxidized into 2 pyruvate if oxygen is present) or (glucose is lysed/oxidized into lactic acid if there is no oxygen)

• the krebs cycle (2 pyruvate enter and become acetyl-CoA)

• the electron transport chain (NAD nad FAD come in to help make ATP by picking up the roaming elcetrons (H+ ions) to produce more ATP)

what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

aerobic respiration: uses oxygen to convert glucose into pyruvate

anaerobic respiration: does not use oxygen, instead, glucose gets lysed into lactic acid

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

type 1: body isn’t producing insulin

type 2: body is insulin resistant

G WORDS

Glucose:

simple sugar that serves as the prime energy source for cells

Glycogenesis:

breakdown of glycogen

Glycolysis:

breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

Glycogen:

storage form of glucose

Glycogenolysis:

breakdown of glycogen into glucose form stored glycogen

Glucogenogenesis:

formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules (fats and proteins)