Psychology of Personality Exam 4

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Set of tools designed for pattern recognition

What is Generative AI?

Artificial intelligence that created new content

How does Generative AI Work?

Recognizes and predicts patterns in data

What are the 2 Dimensions regarding Mind Perception and AI?

-Agency

-Experience

What is the Agency Dimension?

Intention and planning, confers moral responsibility

What is the Experience Dimension?

Sensation and emotion, confers moral rights

What is the Moral Circle?

the extent of people's moral concern

What is Key regarding AI?

The more human AI seems, the more we treat it like a human and connect with it

What mindset do individuals with high agreeableness have regarding AI?

Positive

What mindset do individuals with high openness have regarding AI?

Positive

What mindset do individuals with high conspiracy mindset have regarding AI?

Negative

What mindset do older individuals have regarding AI?

Negative

What are AI Hallucinations?

A response generated by AI that contains false or misleading information presented as fact

What is Nostalgia?

A sentimental longing/wistful affection for the past (may resist AI)

What is Anthropomorphization?

Attributing nonhumans with human-like characteristics

How do individuals who are lonely handle AI?

More likely to anthropomorphize AI

What is Cognitive offloading?

Doing things to make a task less mentally demanding

What are examples of Cognitive offloading?

Using a calculator, or planner, or alarm clock

What did Gardony's Navigation Study show?

Those who used GPS had better initial navigation, but those who used no GPS had better later recall

What did Henkel's Memory Study show?

Those who took pictures of art had less memory of it than those who only viewed it

What did Kosmyna's Essay Writing Study show?

Those who wrote using AI had worse recall

What is Automation Complacency?

"I don't know how it works"

What is Automation Bias?

"I just accept whatever it gives me"

How does Carl Jung perceive AI?

Technology is a "deceptive sweetening of existence"

How does Mark Andreesen perceive AI?

"Technology opens the space of what it can mean to be human"

How does Thomas Aquinas perceive AI?

To love is “to will the good of the other.” AI does not need good.

What is Algorithm Aversion?

People lose confidence faster in AI after errors than in humans. Even if AI performs well most of the time, a single failure can ruin trust.

What did Jung argue?

We are sculpted marble

What are the 4 parts of the self?

-Persona

-Ego

-Shadow

-Anima/Animus

What is Jung's Persona?

The "mask" we show publicly (conscious)

What is Jung's Ego?

Conscious identity (Conscious)

What is Jung's Shadow?

Repressed/disowned traits (Unconscious)

what is Jung's Anima/Animus?

Repressed opposite-gender traits (Unconscious)

What is anima?

Feminine traits in men

What is animus?

Masculine traits in women

What is the self?

final stage of growth (full psychological wholeness)

When does Individuation occur?

The lifelong process of bringing unconscious material into consciousness and integrating it into a unified whole

What does the Persona Hide?

-ego

-anima/animus

-shadow

What is Projection?

What is repressed internally appears externally

What does the shadow leak through?

Projection

How does Jung view conflict?

fuel for individuation

What is Jungian Personal Unconscious?

Blend of repressed feelings and personal experience

What is Jungian Collective Unconscious?

Part of the unconscious mind that is not shaped by personal experiences and is instead inherited through generations. Born with it and universally shared.

What are Jung's Original Archetypes?

Innate tendencies which shape the human behavior. Represent recurring themes/images and have two sides.

What is the Light and Darkness Archetype?

Light represents the conscious, knowledge, and rationality. Darkness represents the unconscious, mystery and emotion.

What is the Puer Aeternus Archetype?

"Eternal Boy" used to explain individuals who avoid adulthood and embrace youth.

What is the Trickster archetype is best described as?

A chaotic force that reveals repressed tensions

What is the Wise Old Man archetype best described as?

Insight, guidance, and connection to deeper meaning

What is the modern definition of Archetypes?

Archetypes are culturally reproduced patterns shaped by evolved learning biases

What are symbols?

Entities that convey deeper meanings from the unconscious to the conscious mind.

According to the matrix what is persona?

-Personally Acceptable

-Socially Acceptable

According to the matrix what is Ego?

-Personally Acceptable

-Socially Unacceptable

According to the matrix what is shadow?

-Personally Unacceptable

-Socially Unacceptable

According to the matrix what is anima/animus?

-Personally Unacceptable

-Socially Acceptable

How do individuals project the animus & anima?

Romantic Partners (because it's socially acceptable)

What is Self Concept?

Your understanding of who you are

What happens during the Development of Self Concept in Infants?

Learning the difference between me vs. not me

What happens during the Development of Self Concept in 18 Month Olds?

Passing the dot and mirror test, using personal pronouns, and engaging in pretend play

What happens during the Development of Self Concept in 2 Year Olds?

Recognizing themselves in images

What happens during the Development of Self Concept in 3 Year Olds?

Forms understanding of sex and age

What happens during the Development of Self Concept in 5 Year Olds?

Social comparisons begin

What happens during the Development of Self Concept in Adolescence?

Extreme Self Consciousness

What is the Dot and Mirror Test?

Clever technique used to study whether a human/animal recognizes its own reflection (dogs fail)

What is the Self-Discrepancy Theory?

Composed of two part; the ideal self and ought self. Part of the regulatory focus theory

What is the Ideal Self?

What people want to be (goals)

What is the Ought Self?

Peoples understanding of what others want them to be (responsibilities)

What is Self-Esteem?

a general evaluation of the self-concept

When is self esteem the lowest?

adolescence (increases with age)

What is the Sociometer Hypothesis?

Says that self-esteem acts like a gas gauge, signaling social acceptance

What is Persistence?

People accept feedback consistent with their self-concept

What are traits of individuals with high self-esteem?

-Sees failure as accidental

-Tries again after failure

-Finds other strengths

What are traits of individuals with low self-esteem?

-Views failure as expected

-Gives up after failure

-Feels defeated

What does frequent social media use do to self esteem?

lowers self-esteem

What is Self-Complexity?

When one's self-concept is made up of many roles

What does it mean if an individual has Low Self-Complexity?

Failure is devastating because it makes up a huge portion of self-concept

What does it mean if an individual has High Self-Complexity?

failure in one domain is lessened because there are many others

What is Defensive Pessimism?

Cognitively setting low expectations to prepare for failure

What is Self-Handicapping?

Behaviors designed to sabotage one's own performance to explain failure

What is Explicit Self-Esteem?

What you claim you feel about yourself

What is Implicit Self-Esteem?

What you actually feel about yourself

What is Fragile Self-Esteem?

High explicit + low implicit (narcissism, insecurity, sensitive to criticism)

What is high self-control linked to?

Better GPA, better relationships, saving money, exercising, healthy living

What is low self-control linked to?

Risky driving, substance abuse, gambling, crime

What is Stress?

the feeling produced by threatening/uncontrollable events

What are Stressors?

external stimuli that cause stress to a person

What is needed for an individual to perceive an event as stressful?

1) Primary appraisal

2) Secondary appraisal

What is Primary Appraisal?

perceiving event as a threat to your goals

What is Secondary Appraisal?

feeling like you won't be able to cope with the event

What are the Stages of Stress?

1) Alarm Stage

2) Resistance Stage

3) Exhaustion Stage

What is the Alarm Stage?

Fight or flight response, stress hormones are released to face the challenge

What is the Resistance Stage?

Body tries to resist feeling stressed which uses up a lot of energy

What is the Exhaustion Stage?

Energy and mental resources are depleted (most susceptible to illness)

What are Daily Hassels?

minor, but chronic stressors

What are examples of the most common daily hassles that cause stress?

Concerns about weight, health of family members, rising prices of common goods, and home maintenance

What is an Attributional style?

How people explain events in their lives

What are the 3 attributional styles?

1) Internal vs External

2) Stable vs Unstable

3) Specific vs Global

How do Optimists see negative events?

Specific, Unstable, External

How do Pessimists see negative events?

Global, Stable, Internal

What is Optimism linked to?

exercising, better immune system, longer life, quicker recovery

What are the 2 forms of optimism?

-Attributional

-Dispositional