BIO 225: Internal Fluids and Respiration

What is the purpose of respiration?

Intaking oxygen for the purpose of creating energy

Internal fluids and respiration are designed in general to:

1. Obtain and move oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

2. Remove metabolic waste

How do unicellular organisms perform respiration and move fluids throughout their body?

Contractile vacuoles, cytoplasm, and diffusion

How do simple multicellular organisms perform respiration?

Simple multicellular organisms have cells “_____ their environment,” meaning what?

near; cells interact with their immediate environment

How do complex multicellular organisms come into contact (respire) with their environment?

Lungs

Composition of human internal fluids

1. 60-90% water

2. Electrolytes

3. Proteins

4. Carbohydrates

Components of blood

1. Plasma

2. Formed elements

Composition of plasma

water (90%), solids, and gases

Red blood cells

1. 4-6 million mL

2. Produced by stem cells in bone marrow

3. Mature RBCs do not have nuclei or mitochondria

4. Have a 4 month lifespan

5. RBCs are made and destroyed in the spleen (hemoglobin is recycled)

How many reversible binding states do RBCs have for O2?

4

Products of the breakdown of hemoglobin

bilirubin

What condition occurs when bilirubin builds up?

Jaundice

What is jaundice?

Ruptured blood vessels (babies) or liver damage (older people) that causes a yellowish discoloration of the skin

What is a more low scale version of jaundice?

Bruises

Clotting factors

1. Released from platelets and injured tissue

2. Plasma proteins synthesized in liver and circulated inactive form

prothrombin —> thrombin; fibrinogen —> fibrin

Plasma proteins are formed where?

the liver

Hemophilia

Hemostasis

To decrease blood loss, blood vessels will…

contract

All vertebrate systems are _______ systems

closed

Closed systems always have blood contained in…

blood vessels

single circuit

blood goes in a single circuit throughout the body

single circuits work to maintain ______ ________

blood pressure

How do single circuits maintain blood pressure?

Amphibians and reptiles typically have how many chambers in their hearts?

3

Double circuit system

blood passes through the heart twize

right atrium,

Mammals and birds have how many chambers in their hearts?

4

What prevents backflow in the heart?

Valves

Right atrium

Deoxygenized blood enters here from the superior and and inferior vena cava.

Path of blood through heart and body

Inferior and Superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, body, pulmonary veins, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, Aorta

Congestive heart failure on the right side

damage to right side of heart will keep the blood in the systemic circuit; blood pooling in the legs

Congestive heart failure on the left side

damage to the left side will keep blood from the body, which lowers oxygen levels throughout the body; blood pooling in the lungs

What side of

Contraction

systole

muscles contracted

diastole

muscles relaxed

Atriums contract _________, and ________ to the ventricles

simultaneously, opposite

relaxed muscles in the heart has ______ pressure

lower

contracted muscles in the heart has ______ pressure.

higher

Which ventricle is thicker? why?

The left ventricle; because it is pumping out to the entire systemic circuit

What in the the cardiac muscle tissue facilitates depolarization?

intercalated disks

Areas in the heart that are responsible for spreading the electrical signal through the heart

Sinoatrial node, AV node, Atrioventricular bundle,

Sinoatrial node

creates leaking Na-gated ions channels

AV node

Atrioventricular bundle

passes electrical signal to ventricles

Atria contract from…

top to bottom

Ventricles contract from…

bottom to top