Bonding, Structure & Properties of Matter

"Formation of ions

Atoms gain or lose electrons to get a full outer shell"

"Metal ions

Metals lose electrons to form positive ions"

"Non metal ions

Non metals gain electrons to form negative ions"

"Cation

A positive ion"

"Anion

A negative ion"

"Ionic bonding

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions"

"Ionic bond formation

Metal transfers electrons to a non metal"

"Properties of ionic compounds

High melting and boiling points"

"Ionic conductivity when molten

Ions can move and conduct electricity"

"Ionic conductivity when solid

Do not conduct because ions are fixed"

"Empirical formula

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound"

"Molecular formula

Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule"

"Covalent bonding

Shared pair of electrons between two non metals"

"Covalent bond strength

Strong bonds within molecules"

"Simple covalent substance

Low melting and boiling point due to weak intermolecular forces"

"Intermolecular forces

Weak forces between molecules easy to break"

"Giant covalent structure

Very high melting point due to strong bonds throughout"

"Diamond structure

Each carbon makes four strong covalent bonds"

"Diamond properties

Very hard high melting point does not conduct electricity"

"Graphite structure

Each carbon makes three bonds forming layers"

"Graphite conductivity

Conducts electricity due to delocalised electrons"

"Graphene

Single layer of graphite very strong conducts electricity"

"Fullerenes

Carbon molecules in hollow shapes used for drug delivery"

"Carbon nanotubes

Cylindrical fullerenes strong good conductors"

"Metallic bonding

Positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons"

"Metallic properties

Conduct heat and electricity malleable ductile"

"Delocalised electrons

Electrons free to move and carry charge"

"States of matter three states

Solids liquids gases"

"Solid particles

Vibrate in fixed positions closely packed"

"Liquid particles

Close but can move past each other"

"Gas particles

Far apart and move randomly"

"Melting

Changing from solid to liquid"

"Boiling

Changing from liquid to gas"

"Nanoparticles

Very small particles 1 to 100 nm"

"Nanoparticle properties

High surface area to volume ratio"

"Uses of nanoparticles

Sunscreens medicine electronics catalysts"

"Risks of nanoparticles

May be toxic not fully tested"