Anatomy & Physiology - Integumentary and Immune Systems Review

What are the 4 types of membranes and where are they found in the body?

Synovial- Found in joints (line)

Mucous- Found in respiratory, reproductive, urinary, and digestive tract, also passageways (mouth and nose).

Serous- Found lining body cavities and organs.

Cutaneous- Found in skin 

What are all the functions of the skin?

• Protect from microorganisms (pathogens), UV light, cuts, and harmful chemicals.

• Regulate temperature (goosebumps, sweat, blood vessel dilation)

• Touch (temp, pressure, texture)

• Vitamin D production

• Blood reservoir 

• Water regulation

Describe the 3 layers of skin.

• Epidermis: outermost layer, thinnest; epithelial tissue.

• Dermis: deeper layer, thicker; connective tissue.

• Subcutaneous/hypodermis: contains blood vessels, nerves, and fat for cushion, energy, and insulation.

Describe purposes of other Integumentary parts (hair, nails, oil glands, arrector pili, sweat glands, and nerves).

Hair: Protect and insulation

Nails: Protect (tips)

Oil glands (sebaceous): Produce oil to keep skin from being overly dry.

Arrector pili: Contracts, making hear stand up and making goosebumps (cold or emotional response)

Sweat glands (sudoriferous): Produce sweat to keep us cool when hot (regulate temp)

Nerves (receptors): Detect stimuli from environment then relay to brain.

Explain (in detail) the evolutionary purpose of the variety of human skin colors. Using words like melanin, UV rays, folate, vitamin D, etc.

The variety of human skin colors is the result of evolutionary adaptation to different levels of UV radiation in different parts of the world. Melanin absorbs and reflects UV light, in regions closer to the equator, where the UV rays are the strongest year-round, people have evolved darker skin and have more melanin to protect skin from skin cancers, DNA damage, and folate destruction. But, for people living in places from the equator, with the lighter skin and less melanin they have due to weaker UV rays/sunlight, but vitamin D is more able to be produced because the UV rays can penetrate that skin. 

What substance are hair and nails made of that makes them tough and waterproof?

Keratin

What is the first (nonspecific) line of defense against infection? (Give ex.)

Physical barriers; skin/other membranes + chemical barriers; saliva, mucus, tears, stomach acid.

What is the second (nonspecific) line of defense against infection? (Give ex.)

Inflammatory response; Swelling, redness, warmth, or pain in area of infection (fever), increased blood flow allowing WBC to get to infection fast.

What is the third (specific) line of defense against infection? (Explain how it works; use “antibody”)

Immune response; pathogen is inactivated, killed, and/or engulfed by WBC and uses acquired immunity where antibodies remember the pathogen surface shape.

What is acquired immunity? What are two ways one could acquire immunity to an antigen?

Antibodies remember the pathogen surface shape which stays in the system to recognize if a future invader looks the same and blocks it early. To acquire immunity you can either get the pathogen and have to fight the sickness or get the pathogens vaccine. 

What type of disease can antibiotics treat?

Bacterial.

What is a pathogen?

Microorganism that causes a disease.

Are all microorganisms pathogens? Why or why not?

No, because not at microorganisms cause disease. Some are helpful or don’t effect humans at all, some even being essential to life.

Examples of diseases not caused by a pathogen.

Cancer, down syndrome, diabetes.

Example of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections.

Bacterial: Strep

Viral: Influenza (flu), corona virus

Fungal: Ringworm

Parasitic: Tapeworm

Koch’s Postulates (determining if something is a pathogen)

1. Must be found in abundance in every organism suffering but not found in healthy organisms

2. Can be grown independently out of host.

3. Causes disease when introduced into healthy organism.

4. Can be isolated and identified from the host infected.

How do vaccines work?

Injects weakened/dead pathogen into your body for your antibodies to find and mark with antigens so if pathogen enters body, your WBC can get to infection quicker and either kill it or weaken it to where it is useless.

Difference between a sign and a symptom.

A sign is something visible and measurable to determine sickness/infection.

A symptom is just how a patient feels and things they say they have, but can’t be visibly seen.

What really causes signs/symptoms of a disease/sickness.

Your signs and symptoms can be from pathogen, but are mostly just your body fighting off pathogen, causing irritation from WBC to a certain area (headache, sore throat, fever, etc.)

Explain reproductive number.

It is how many people one contagious person likely infects, showing how infectious the disease is.

One conclusion you can make about contagiousness that you learned from infectiousness activity/flu transmission simulation.

Contagiousness depends on how easily a pathogen is spread among people, but can be prevented by killing it through sanitization, more importantly, washing your hands! Other preventive factors such as, antibiotics, quarantine, and face masks are also good, but do not kill pathogen directly.

Purposes of lymph nodes

Filter out dead cells from lymph

Purposes of thymus

Produces T cells (type of WBC); to fight infections and foreign cells.

Purposes of bone marrow.

Produces stem cells to then form blood cells, also produces B cells (type of WBC); fight infections and foreign cells.

Purposes of spleen.

Filters dead blood cells from blood.

Purposes of appendix

Holds beneficial bacteria for body.

Purposes of tonsils and adenoids.

Prevents infection by trapping pathogens that come in nose and mouth.

What kind of cells are all immune system cells (which do the “fighting”).

White blood cells (WBC)

Melanoma

A type of skin cancer starting in melanocytes.

Lymphoma

Type of cancer in lymphatic system.

Allopecia

Hair loss from scalp or body.

Burns

Injuries to skin caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or sunlight.

Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

A chronic, itchy, and inflamed skin condition often starting in childhood.

Autoimmune Disorders

When the immune system, which normally fights germs, mistakenly attacks healthy body tissue.

Severe Allergies (Anaphylaxis)

Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that happens very quickly and affects the whole body,

Mild Allergies

Immune system reacts to something harmless.