APES 1.1-1.6 Review

Individual

one organism (elk)

Population

group of individuals (elk herd)

Community

all living organisms in an area

Ecosystem

all living & nonliving things in an area (plants, rock, soil, water, air)

biome

the plants and animals found in a given region based on yearly temp. & precipitation (climate)

ex. tropical rainforest

competition

organisms fight over resource like food or shelter, limiting pop. size

predation

one organism using another for energy source (hunter, parasites)

mutualism (+,+)

relationship that benefits both organisms (coral reef)

commensalism (+,O)

relationship that benefits one organism & doesn’t impact the other (birds nest in trees)

herbivores

organisms that only eat plants for energy (giraffe & tree)

true predators

kill and eat prey for energy (leopard & giraffe)

parasites

use a host organism for energy, often without killing the host & often living inside host

ex. mosquitoes, tapeworms

parasitoids

lay eggs inside host organism; eggs hatch & larvae eat host for energy

ex. botfly, parasitic wasps

symbiosis (sym = together, bio = life, osis = condition)

any close and long-term interaction between two organisms of different species

resource partitioning

different species using the same resource in diff. ways to reduce competiton

temporal partitioning

using resource @ different times; wolves & coyotes hunting @ different times (day & night)

spatial partioning

using different areas of a shared habitat (polar bear & orca; hunt seals on land, hunt seals in water)

morphological partitioning

using different resources based on diff. evolved body features

The community of organisms in a biome are…

specially adapted to live in that biome

ex. cacti & camel, water preserving traits

latitude (distance from equator)

determines temperature & precipitation; reason why biomes exist in predictable patterns

tundra & boreal

higher lat. (60+ deg.)

temperatre

mid lat. (30-60 deg.)

tropical

closer to equator

tropical rainforest

nutrient-poor soil (high temp. & rainfall → rapid decomp. of org. matter; acidic soil + high rainfall → nutrient leaching)

boreal forest

nutrient-poor soil (low temp. & low decomp. rate of org. matter)

temp. forest

nutrient-rich soil (lots of dead org. matter - leaves & warm temp/moisture for decomp)

biome shift

shift location as climate changes

characteristics of aquatic biomes

1. salinity (how much salt in water) determines what species survive & drinkability

2. flow - determines which plants & organisms can survive, how much o2 can dissolve in water

3. depth - influence how much sunlight penerate & reach plants below surface for photosynthesis

4. temperature - warmer water holds less dissolved o2, supports fewer aq. organisms

rivers

high o2 bc flow mix water & air, carries nutrient-rich sediment (deltas & floodplains = nutrient-rich soil)

lakes

standing bodies of fresh water (key drinking source)

littoral

shallow water w/emergent plants

limnetic

where light can reach (photosynthesis)

• no rooted plants onto phytoplankton

profundal

too deep for sunlight (no photosyn.)

benthic

murky bottom where inverts (bugs) live, nutrient-rich sediments