UCR Summer 2024 Entm 010 Final

Order Megaloptera: Dobsonflies/Fishflies

Holometabolous

Aquatic larvae (predators with chewing mps)

Short-lived adults (Huge sickle-shaped mandibles)

Have 2pr of very large wings

Order Neuroptera: Lacewings/Antlions

Holometabolous

2pr of large wings (membranous looks like veins)

Chewing mps or sickle-shaped mandibles & maxillae (predators)

Most are terrestrial (weak fliers)

Order Neuroptera: Family Chrysopidae: Green Lacewings

Adults are green w/ gold eyes

lay eggs on stalks

larvae eat aphids and have sickle-shaped mps

Order Neuroptera: Family Myrmeleontidae: Antlions

Larvae live in pits and trap ants to feed

Order Neuroptera: Family Mantispidae: Mantidflies

Elongated prothorax

Raptorial front legs

Hypermetamorphosis (1st larval stage is a crawler)

Larvae are predators on young spiders, bees, wasps

Order Coleoptera: Beetles

Holometabolous

40% of all known insects

Chewing mps

Have Elytras & heavily sclerotized bodies

Adults & larvae share lifestyles

Order Coleoptera: Ground & Tiger Beetles

Predators

Larvae build tubes in soil (ambush)

Cursorial legs

Very beneficial

Ground Beetles: Nocturnal

Tiger Beetles: Active, fast runners

Order Coleoptera: Family Dyticidae: Predaceous Diving Beetles

Aquatic w/ natatorial legs

they are predators

carry air bubble under elytra

Order Coleoptera: Family Gyrinidae: Whirligig Beetles

“2”pr of compound eyes that are divided

Aquatic predators on the water surface

Order Coleoptera: Family Staphylinidae: Rove Beetles

Reduced short elytra, well developed hind wings

Long sharp mandibles

most are runners w/ cursorial legs

found in litter, under rocks, & ant nests

Order Coleoptera: Family Scarabaeidae: Scarab Beetles

Relatively large w/ heavy bodies

Scavengers or phytophagous

Dung beetles

Some are pests species: June bug & Japanese beetle

Order Coleoptera: Family Lampyridae: Fireflies

Elytra are soft & flexible

Bioluminescent organs

Light used for mate attraction

Order Coleoptera: Family Dermestidae: Skin & Carpet Beetles

Adults feed on flowers & foliage

Larvae spiny/furry

Larvae feed on dead plant/animal products

Can be very damaging

Order Coleoptera: Family Coccinellidae: Lady bird beetles

Adults small & oval, brightly colored

Larvae elongated w/ spines & brightly colored

Both are predators on aphids

Very beneficial

Some are big pests: Squash & Mexican bean beetle

Order Coleoptera: Family Meloidae: Blister Beetles

Adults produce cantharidin (causes blisters)

Larvae feed on insect eggs

hypermetamorphosis (1st instar is a crawler)

Order Coleoptera: Family Cerambycidae: Long-horned borers

Very long antennae

adults feed on flowers/pollen

larvae feed on wood

form round galleries

some are pests

Order Coleoptera: Family Chrysomelidae: Leaf Beetles

Adults small, brightly colored

Adults feed on flowers & foliage

larvae often spiny looking, feed on foliage

some are serious pests

Order Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Weevils & Snout Beetles

Adults w/ snout & club-like antennae

All are phytophagous

Some are serious pests

Includes bark beetles (serious forest pest)

Order Trichoptera: Caddis Flies

Holometabolous

Adults are liquid feeders (have scaly wings)

larvae are aquatic net spinners & case builders or free living predators

Order Lepidoptera: Butterflies & Moths

Holometabolous

Adults: wings w/ scales, long coiled, sucking mp, nectar feeders

Larvae: Chewing mp, Herbivore

Order Lepidoptera: Papiliondae: Swallowtails

Adults: Distinctive shape

Larvae: chemical defense w/ scent gland

Order Lepidoptera: Nectuidae: Army, Cut, & Boliworms

Some of the most serious crop pests in the world

Order Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinx Moths

Strong Fliers

Larvae have spine on abdomen

Order Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Giant Silkworm Moths

Largest of the lepidoptera

Order Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing parasites

Holometabolous

endoparasite of insects

males: hind wings only

females stay in host (sticks out)

1st instar larvae is a crawler

Order Mecoptera: Scorpionflies

Holometabolous

Long snout w/ chewing mps

Bulbous terminal genitalia in males (namesake)

Males provide nuptial gifts (dead arthropods)

Order Siphonaptera: Fleas

Holometabolous

Wingless

Saltatorial legs w/ resilin

Adults ectoparasitic blood feeders, sucking mps

Larvae feed on debris in host nests including feces from adult

Transmit Yersinia pestis (Black Plague)

Order Diptera: Flies

Holometabolous

!pr of wings & 1pr of halteres

Mps modified sucking + variations

Adults feed on nectar or blood

larvae live in food

Order Diptera: Tipulidae: Craneflies

Adults feed on nectar

Larvae feed on decaying vegetation

Order Diptera: Culicidae: Mosquitoes

Adult female has piercing mps, takes blood meal. Males feed on flower nectar.

Larvae aquatic

Big disease vectors: Malaria, Yellow Fever, Filariasis, Elephantiasis, Etc.

Order Diptera: Chironomidae: Midges

Small, look like mosquitoes

Adults do not feed

Larvae live in oxygen poor water (use hemoglobin)

Very important in aquatic food webs

Order Diptera: Simuliidae: Blackflies

Larvae are aquatic in clean flowing water

Female adults are vicious biters

Transmit filariasis aka River Blindness

Order Diptera: Tabanidae: Horse & Deer Flies

Adult females feed on blood, males feed on nectar.

Larvae are aquatic predators

females can transmit tularemia, anthrax, loaloa.

Order Diptera: Asilidae: Robber Flies

Adults aerial predators, excellent fliers

Larvae live in soil, dung, rotten wood

Order Diptera: Agromyzidae: Leaf miners

Phytophagous

Larvae are leaf miners

some crop pests

Order Diptera: Muscidae: House, Stable, Tsetse flies

Larvae feed on dung, rotting, vegetation, garbage, etc.

House fly: mechanical transmission of several diseases

Tsetse fly: both sexes blood feed, spread sleeping sickness

Stable fly: irritation & diseases for livestock

Order Diptera: Calliphoridae: Blowflies

Adults metallic green

Scavengers on carrion, manure

Vectors of Myiasis diseases

Screw worm fly

Order Diptera: Tachinidae: Tachinid flies

Parasitoids

Very beneficial

Order Diptera: Tephritidae: Fruit flies

Adults feed on flowers & vegetation

Larvae are phytophagous on fruit

some are serious pest

Order Hymenoptera: Sawflies, bees, wasps, & ants

Holometabolous

Adults have 2pr of smooth wings

often have narrow “waist”

Focus on life-styles rather than families

Order Hymenoptera: Suborder Symphyta: Sawflies

Adults lack sting, have ovipositor

No waist: larvae have true legs & prolegs, no crochets

Phytophagous

Order Hymenoptera: The Parasitica: Parasitoid Wasps

Parasitoids

Attack all life stages of insects

well developed ovipositor

Don’t use venom

Examples: Chalcid wasps, Ichneumond wasps, & Gall wasps

Order Hymenoptera: The Solitary Stinging Wasps

Build a nest/hive

Adults feed on nectar & pollen

Capture & provision nest w/ prey

use venomous sting

Examples: Mud daubers, Spider hawks, & Velvet ants

Order Hymenoptera: The Solitary Stinging Bees

Pollen & nectar gathering insects, not predators

provision nests

feed larvae pollen balls

examples: carpenter bees & digger bees, leaf-cutters bees

Order Hymenoptera: Primitive Eusocial Wasps

Caste morphologically the same

One female reproduces (dominates by physical intimidation)

Example: paper wasps

Order Hymenoptera: Advanced Eusocial Wasps

Multi-Layer nest completely enclosed in paper envelope

caste differences caused by larval nutrition

example: yellowjackets

Order Hymenoptera: Primitive Eusocial Bees: Bumble bees

Queen maintains dominance through aggression & pheromones

Her worker daughters are slightly smaller

Order Hymenoptera: Advanced Eusocial Bees: Honey bees

Castes present

Workers are all sisters

larval food determines caste

Queen controls w/ pheromones

Dance language communicates info about food

Order Hymenoptera: Ants: Family Formicidae

Always social

reproductives

sterile females w/ polymorphisms (nurses, maintenance, foragers, & soldiers)

Caste determination by nutrition & trophallaxis

highly developed pheromone communication