UNIT 5 AP WORLD VOCAB.

Enlightenment

An 18th-century intellectual movement that emphasized reason, logic, and individualism over tradition and religious authority.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, often accompanied by the desire for self-determination and political independence.

Liberalism

A political philosophy advocating for individual liberties, civil rights, and democratization, often based on Enlightenment ideals.

Conservatism

A political philosophy favoring traditional institutions, social stability, and gradual change rather than radical revolution.

Empiricism

The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience and evidence gathered through observation and experimentation.

John Locke

An English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that government should protect these rights.

Consent of the Governed

The idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified when consented to by the people.

Social Contract

An agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, often by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection.

Tabula Rasa

John Locke's concept of the mind as a "blank slate" at birth, implying that all knowledge comes from experience and environment.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who wrote Leviathan; he believed humans were naturally selfish and required an absolute monarch to maintain order.

Two Treatises of Government

A work by John Locke that served as a philosophical foundation for modern democracy and individual rights.

Leviathan

A book by Thomas Hobbes advocating for a powerful central authority to prevent the "war of all against all."

Baron de Montesquieu

An Enlightenment thinker who proposed the concept of separation of powers within a government.

Spirit of Laws

Montesquieu's treatise on political theory, which influenced the creation of the US Constitution's check and balances.

Voltaire

A French philosophe known for his advocacy of freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and separation of church and state.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A philosopher who argued that the General Will of the people should guide government decisions in a social contract.

Separation of Powers

The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches (Executive, Legislative, Judicial) to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Thomas Paine

The author of Common Sense, which used Enlightenment logic to argue for American independence from Britain.

Mary Wollstonecraft

A writer and advocate for women's rights who argued that women are not naturally inferior to men but lack education.

Enlightened Despots

Absolute monarchs who adopted some Enlightenment ideals, such as legal reforms and religious tolerance, to improve their nations (e.g., Catherine the Great).

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who attempted to reform the legal system based on Enlightenment principles, though she maintained absolute power.

Kangxi Emperor

The longest-reigning Qing Emperor who promoted Confucianism and showed interest in Western science brought by Jesuits.

Namik Kemal

A Turkish intellectual and member of the Young Ottomans who fought for constitutionalism and individual liberty.

Estate System

The social hierarchy in pre-revolutionary France consisting of the First Estate (Clergy), Second Estate (Nobility), and Third Estate (Commoners).

Bourgeoisie

The middle class in France, including merchants and professionals, who were often the leaders of revolutionary change.

Guillotine

A machine designed for efficient and "humane" beheading that became a symbol of the French Revolution's radical phase.

Storming of the Bastille

The July 14, 1789, attack on a Parisian prison that signaled the beginning of the French Revolution.

Olympe de Gouges

A French playwright and political activist who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.

Louis XVI

The King of France whose failure to address financial crises led to the French Revolution; he was eventually executed by guillotine.

Marie Antoinette

The Queen of France during the revolution, widely disparaged for her perceived extravagance and later executed.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A fundamental document of the French Revolution defining individual and collective rights belonging to all estates as one.

Reign of Terror

A period of the French Revolution (1793–1794) marked by mass executions of suspected "enemies of the revolution."

Maximilien Robespierre

The leader of the Committee of Public Safety who directed the Reign of Terror before being executed himself.

Directory

A five-member committee that governed France after the Reign of Terror and before Napoleon's rise to power.

Napoleon Bonaparte I

A military general who seized power in France, declared himself Emperor, and conquered much of Europe.

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive system of laws established by Napoleon that promoted equality before the law but limited some liberties.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe intended to destroy Britain's economy.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of global conflicts fought during Napoleon's rule (1803–1815), which spread revolutionary and nationalist ideas.

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of European leaders in 1815 to restore the balance of power and monarchies after Napoleon's defeat.

Liberte, Egalite, et Fraternite

The national motto of France, meaning "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity."

Grito de Dolores

The famous speech by Father Hidalgo in 1810 that called for Mexican independence from Spain.

Father Hidalgo

A Catholic priest who led the first major revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico.

Haiti

The site of the first successful slave rebellion in history, resulting in independence from France in 1804.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

The primary leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave who fought for the complete abolition of slavery.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

L'Ouverture's lieutenant who led the final stages of the Haitian Revolution and became the first ruler of independent Haiti.

Creoles

People of European descent born in the American colonies who led many of the Latin American independence movements.

Casta System

A rigid social hierarchy in the Spanish colonies based on racial background.

Simon Bolivar

Known as "The Liberator"; he led independence movements in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Jose de San Martin

An Argentine general who played a key role in the independence of Argentina, Chile, and Peru.

Jamaica Letter

A document written by Simon Bolivar in 1815 outlining his vision for a republican government in Latin America.

Creole Revolutions

The wave of independence movements in Latin America led by the Creole class against European colonial rule.

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

A Puerto Rican poet and activist who campaigned for Puerto Rican and Cuban independence.

Jose Rizal

A Filipino nationalist and polymath whose writings and eventual execution inspired the Philippine Revolution against Spain.

Realpolitik

Politics or diplomacy based on practical and material factors rather than ideological or moral premises.

Giuseppe Mazzini

The "heart" of Italian unification and founder of the secret society "Young Italy."

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A leader of the "Red Shirts" who conquered southern Italy and turned it over to Victor Emmanuel II to unify the country.

Otto von Bismarck

The Prussian Chancellor who unified Germany through a policy of "Blood and Iron."

Balkan Nationalism

The desire of various ethnic groups in the Balkans to gain independence from the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

The King of Prussia who became the first Emperor (Kaiser) of a unified German Empire in 1871.

Concise

Giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words; brief but comprehensive.

Codification

The process of arranging laws or rules into a systematic code or organized structure.

Empirical

Based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.

Continuity

The unbroken and consistent existence or operation of something