BIOL 319 Exam 1 Review Sheet

What is the definition of a tissue?

group of cells and/or fluids designed to perform a certain function

What are the 4 different types of tissues?

1. epithelial

2. connective

3. muscle

4. nervous

Which tissues are excitable and which are not?

muscle and nervous are excitable, epithelial and connective are non-excitable

What does it mean for a tissue to be excitable?

it is able to generate action potentials

What are the 4 fluids we have seen for Exam 1?

blood, lymph, bile, and vitreous humor of the eye

What is the path of bile?

bile is made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and secreted into the duodenum of the GI tract

What is the physiologically related story about Lee's mother?

Lee's mother's constant smoking led to lower bone density which meant that her teeth had to all be removed; "be careful trying to be cool"

What is the physiologically related story about Lee's father?

Lee's father had an aversion to doctor checkups/physicals; the whites of his eyes began to have a greenish/yellowish hue so he finally went in for a urinalysis and they found out he had a tumor on the right side of his liver, causing him to die 28 days later

What is the physiologically related story about Lance Armstrong?

he got in trouble for blood doping; this practice increases EPO, which then increases RBC count, causing better blood, meaning more oxygen is supplied throughout the body, leading to an overall better performance

What are the 7 hormones covered for Exam 1 so far?

1. adrenaline

2. epinephrine

3. cortisol

4. growth hormone

5. EPO

6. oxytocin

7. glucagon

What is homeostasis?

an involuntary process which keeps the balance in the body's internal environment

What is unique about skeletal muscle?

it is the only voluntary activity with outward, visible manifestations; the only exceptions are shivering and reflexes

What is the difference between differentiated and nondifferentiated cells?

differentiated cells HAVE received chemical or physical message to know what type of cell to become, while nondifferentiated cells have NOT

How does hemodynamics relate to living organisms responding to stimuli?

in fight or flight mode, hemodynamics causes changes in blood flow; blood to the brain and muscle increases, while blood to the gut, reproductive organs, and skin decreases

Which tissues have RMPs?

all four types of tissues have resting membrane potential

What is an RMP?

resting membrane potential; there is a difference in charge across a membrane (extracellular is +, intracellular is -)

What is an AP?

action potential

*RN: What can an ultrasound be used for? (7)

1. view the uterus and ovaries during pregnancy and monitor the developing baby's breath

2. diagnose gallbladder disease

3. evaluate blood flow

4. guide a needle for biopsy or tumor treatment

5. examine a breast lump

6. check the thyroid gland

7. find genital and prostate problems

What is a Digital Subtraction Angiography?

similar to a CT scan but uses radiopaque dye to enhance differences in areas

What is the difference between an ultrasound and a radiograph?

an ultrasound uses sound waves to pass into body and bounce back to receiver and is visualized as a sonogram; a radiograph is when electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on a photographic plate to create a radiograph

What is a lithotripsy?

ultrasound waves are used to break the kidney stone into smaller pieces, which can pass out with the urine

What is the basic function of the lymphatic system?

removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph

Where is the popliteal located?

behind the knee

Which tissues can generate action potentials?

muscle and nervous

What are the 5 physiologically relevant ions?

1. sodium (Na+)

2. potassium (K+)

3. magnesium (Mg+)

4. calcium (Ca+)

5. chlorine (Cl-)

Which of the physiologically relevant ions have Greek and/or Latin roots?

sodium is derived from Latin as "natrium" and potassium is also derived from Latin as "kalium"

What is the definition of physiology?

the process of ions moving and proteins changing conformation; changing the form changes the function

What are the 4 physiologically relevant organic molecules?

1. carbohydrates

2. lipids

3. nucleic acids

4. proteins

What is the difference between the categorization of fats versus lipids?

lipids are a broad category of water-insoluble organic molecules, while fats (a type of lipid, specifically triglycerides) are molecules composed of fatty acids and glycerol that serve primarily as an energy reserve

What was the end result of Lee's CT Scan and coronary artery calcium score?

the test was to look at the amount of calcium around his heart, since too much can cause calcification in the arteries; he had a high CAC score and now must have a Nuclear Stress Test to see if there are any plaques in his coronary vessels

What are the 4 excretory organs?

1. liver

2. kidneys

3. skin

4. colon

What is a radiograph?

a flat, 2D image created from shortwave electromagnetic radiation moving through the body; AKA an X-Ray

What are sutures?

immovable joints (ex. gomphosis of the teeth)

What looks like what on a radiograph?

structures that are dense (such as bone) will appear white, air will be black, and other structures will be shades of gray depending on density

What protects the kidney?

Ilium, abdominal fat, and the last three ribs

What is EPO and its function?

erythropoietin; a hormone secreted from the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues

What is feedback inhibition?

the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

What is the technical term for giving birth?

parturition

What is the technical term for urination?

micturition

What is a feed forward stimulation loop?

1. the receptor monitors the value of some variable by detecting a stimulus

2. the control center establishes the set point and receives input from the receptor

3. the effector generates the response which works to make the deviation from the set point greater

*RN: What are examples of normal feed forward stimulation loops?

1. childbirth

2. lactation

3. blood clotting

Which hormone is involved in the feed forward stimulation loop?

oxytocin; released by the posterior pituitary for uterine smooth muscle contraction for more pressure to continue stimulating the receptors

What are baroreceptors and where can they be found?

they detect pressure and can by found in the bladder and cervix

Which centers does the medulla oblongata oversee?

respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure

Which hormones affect metabolism?

cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone

What are goblet cells?

cells that are responsible for secreting mucus

What is the difference between ENDOcrine and EXOcrine?

endocrine = going in (usually to the blood); exocrine = going out (usually out of the skin or into the GI tract)

*RN: What are the functions of bones?

1. structure

2. support

3. protect vessels

4. store calcium

5. site for RBC production

Are goblet cells ALWAYS helpful?

no, if they are overactive they can cause a blockage in the respiratory airways

What is the difference between secretion and excretion?

secretion: NOT a waste, something positive, something we need to happen; excretion: WASTE, it could start to impair function and needs to be rid of maybe immediately

ilium vs ileum?

ilium: a bone in the pelvis;

ileum: a segment of the small intestine

What is cognition?

our ability to think and reason and understand cause and effect

What is the difference between endothelial and epithelial?

epithelial: forms protective outer surfaces and internal linings of organs exposed to the external environment like skin or digestive tract;

endothelial: form the inner lining of internal structures like blood and lymphatic vessels

What is a collapsed lung?

when one loses the pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes (interpleural space which keeps negative pressure)

How is the softball concerning Dr. Ira Greenbaum physiologically relevant?

Greenbaum cracked a rib when he fell during a softball game, causing it to impale a lung which led to a pressure imbalance; without the interpleural space, his lung collapsed

What are serous membranes?

cover the organs of body cavities and line the cavity and SECRETE serous fluid for less friction

Which membranes have decreased friction and why?

visceral serous membranes that covers the organs, and parietal serous membrane that lines the cavity

What is the peritoneum?

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

What is the mesentery?

a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen, it connects much of the intestines to the back abdominal wall, holding them in place when a person stands upright.

What do deuterostomes have that is of anatomical interest?

they have a true coelom (a body cavity that is completely lined) that eventually becomes the body cavities and connective tissues

What is the embryological development of digits?

Which muscle types are involuntary and which are voluntary?

smooth and cardiac muscle are involuntary while skeletal muscle is voluntary

Actin in a non-muscle context means...?

when a cell engages in amoeba-like movement = cancer moves = METASTASIS

Who are biopsies sent to and why?

biopsies are sent to a pathologist to check if the growth is benign or malignant

What are signs that a biopsy might be cancerous?

abnormal cells that are larger and darker, appear to be rapidly dividing, and lack normal structure

What are the issues with defenses?

they are NOT good if they are working long term

When vomiting and diarrhea get out of hand, what does that mean physiologically?

Where in the brain does temperature regulation occur?

the hypothalamus

What is transitional epithelium and where can it be found?

special type of stratified epithelium where the cell shape changes from cuboidal to squamous-like when stretched; can be found in the bladder

What is the significance of transitional epithelium?

it allows for greater volume due to its stretching abilities and isn't easily penetrable to prevent absorption of wastes

What are compliant versus non-compliant organs?

compliant organs are able to stretch and expand easily to accommodate volume (bladder);

non-compliant organs do not have the same abilities and are rather stiff (kidneys)

Why are kidney stones so painful?

the kidney is not compliant and therefore does NOT give, meaning that any pressure is painful

ureter vs urethra

ureter: the tube from the kidney to the bladder;

urethra: the tube from the bladder to the outside

Where in the kidney are kidney stones found and why does the location matter?

they are lodged in the ureter and is painful since this causes backflow

What is ECM?

extracellular matrix; non-living material that surrounds living cells

What is hydroxyapatite and where can it be found?

a naturally occurring mineral that is a form of calcium phosphate; it is typically found in human teeth and tooth enamel

What is the formula for hydroxyapatite?

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

What is collagen?

the most abundant protein; fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength

*RN: What are the 5 major types of collagen?

1. Type I: provides structural support to skin, bones, tendons, and ligaments

2. Type II: found in cartilage and crucial for joint support

3. Type III: forms reticular fibers and is abundant in organs, blood vessels, and muscles

4. Type IV: major component of the basement membrane that lines hollow organs and the skin's deeper layers

5. Type V: crucial for maintaining tissue structure and function

In general, what does the term hemodynamics mean?

it refers to the flow of blood within the body

What are the different types of FAT?

saturated, unsaturated, trans fat

What are mast cells?

cells that "degranulate" and release histamine; common beneath membranes and along small blood vessels and are important in inflammation

How far away can a cell or tissue layer be to receive oxygen?

6-8 cell lengths, anything more will eventually die; no oxygen = no ATP = NOT living

Alveoli of lung and pulmonary capillary beds; one endothelial layer and one epithelial layer. Why so thin?

a capillary bed is one ENDOthelial cell layer in thickness, making it so thin that it is clear; they are thin because they are the site of exchange

What is the difference between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes?

osteoBlasts: Build to create the matrix;

osteoClasts: Cleave to break down the matrix for remodeling;

osteoCytes: Cells that maintain the matrix

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

tendons attach muscle to bone; ligaments attach bone to bone

What is the difference between a strain and a sprain?

strains are injuries to the muscles and tendons; sprains are injuries to ligaments

What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?

neurons are ONE cell; nerves are MANY neurons

What is myelination?

the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

What are astrocytes?

a type of star-shaped glial cells that help with communication between neurons, removes waste, and gives nourishment

What are ependymal cells?

glial cells that make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What is CSF?

cerebrospinal fluid; fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, acting as a cushion against injury and transport system for nutrients and waste

What are the types of vertebrae and how many of each are there?

cervical (7), thoracic (12), and lumbar (5)

What are marrow cavities and the different types?

a space where bone marrow is stored, either red (active) or yellow (inactive)

What is the function of red and yellow bone marrow?

red marrow produces blood cells and yellow marrow stores fat

What is an osteon?

functional unit of compact bone

What is trabeculae?

small, beam-like structures of bone that form a meshwork within spongy bone, providing structural support

What is canaliculi?

microscopic channels found within the bone tissue that allow for communication and nutrient exchange between bone cells

Which major hormones are associated with bone remodeling?

calcitriol

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

spongy bone is porous and contributes to shock absorption, reducing weight, and facilitating metabolic exchange;

compact bone is the dense, solid tissue that forms the outer layer of bones and provides strength, support, and protection