DEFINITIONS theme 1

geography

container ship

one type of cargo ship (other cargo ships include oil tankers, bulk carriers for grain, etc..)

cargo/freight

the contents of a cargo ship

TEUs

twenty-foot equivalent units

FEUs

forty-foot equivalent units (2x TEUs)

intermodal containers

these container units can be used across different types of transport without unloading and reloading the cargo

trade bloc

a group of countries agree to reduce or eliminate trade barriers → internal rules that the members of the group follow to govern behaviour among themselves. They will also have external rules that the members follow for dealing with non-members

FDI

foreign direct investment- When a company (normally a TNC) in one country makes an investment in another country. EX: buying a business or factory in another country, or expanding their own business in that country.

TNC

transnational corporation (company). Many businesses set up or buy operations in other countries. Companies that operate in several countries are called transnational corporations (TNCs). IKEA is a large TNC - it has over 430 stores in over 50 countries and its products are made across the globe.

remittances

flows of money sent by migrant workers back to their home country. They are the private savings of workers and families that are spent in the home country for food, clothing, and other expenditures, and which drive the home economy.

global products

products that are produced and consumed worldwide, involving a global production process. eg jeans, coffee

global brands

brands that are known and sold in all or most parts of the world by companies that are known worldwide

glocalisation

giving a global product a local flavor eg Coca Cola adds more caramel to its drink in the UK to suit the British ‘sweet tooth’.

outsourcing

when a company contracts another company to provide it with obtain goods or services. TNCs use this process to reduce their production costs and facilitate production by outsourcing to companies in countries where the labour is cheaper and laws (labour laws and environmental laws for example) are less stringent.

NIDL

the New International Division of Labour. The spatial shift of manufacturing, associated with the growth of transnational corporations and the deindustrialization of the advanced economies. The most common pattern is for research and development in more economically developed countries (usually HICS and increasingly MICs/NEEs) and cheap, less skilled labour in LICs. Products are then sold worldwide.

core-periphery

divides the world into two major world regions: the "core" and the "periphery." The core includes major world powers and the countries that contain much of the wealth of the planet. The periphery contains those countries that are not benefitting to the same extent from global wealth and globalisation

globalisation

increasing interconnectedness of the world economically, politically, socially, and culturally based on flows of finance, goods, services, people, information

main actors in globalisation

TNCs, trade blocs, supranational organisations, governments

increase of container ships

2011-2021: 11%

Trade transported by maritime routes

90%

advantages of containerisation

speeds up trade + less costs, intermodal containers, process mechanised, reduces labour costs, fewer costs from theft, cheap, faster = better for perishable products

problems of containerisation

pollution with greenhouse gases '(2,2% of global greenhouse gas in 2018°, collisions with wildlife, ship breaking, containers lost at sea.

main axis route

corridor linking North America, Europe and Pacific Asia through the Suez Canal, the Strait of Malacca and the Panama Canal.

offshore resources

gulf of guinea, mexico, south china seas

1 ship in TEUs (twenty foot equivalent units)

20,000 → 400 trains, 100 planes, 20,000 trucks

digital age and submarine communication cables

1,3 million km of sub-marine cables help to provide web and transportation 99% of data between continents.

goods from northern Europe to Japan through the North Sea Route

40% quicker than though the Suez Canal (fuel, shipping insurance, staff costs)

% of Russia GDP relying on the Artic

30%

consequences of using the NSR

noise pollution, water pollution, collisions with vessels, melting ice

cooperations fir the Artic

Polar code by the IMO (speed), Arctic Council with many agreements

UN convention on the Law of the Sea

1982

EEZ contested

East Gulf of Mexico, South China Sea

world shipping through the South China Sea

1/3

oil carried by the SCS

30%

UN High Seas Treaty

March 2023 → define protected areas in international waters

France’EEZs

10,8M km2