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Phonemes
the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as human speech
Morphemes
the smallest units of meaning within a language
Semantics
the study of meaning in a language and how people learn to understand what utterances in a language communicate
Grammar
the set of rules in a language that explain how parts of speech are used in both writing and speaking
Syntax
the rules in a language for arranging words into grammatically sensible sentences, clauses and phrases
Cooing
pleasant vowel-like noises made by infants, beginning around 2 months of age
Babbling
a stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant experiments with articulate sounds, but does not yet produce any recognizable words
One-word stage
the stage in speech development from about 9-18 months during which a child speaks mostly in single words
Telegraphic speech
when children use simple sentences, often composed of just a noun and verb, that adhere to the basic rules of grammar
Overgeneralization of language rules
when children use grammar in an irregular way as they are learning the rules (e.g., "I runned", "he hitted", "you buyed")