EMORY - Medical Microbiology

Hippocrates

Came up with humoral theory (sickness is influenced by bodily fluids) and also the miasma theory - all diseases are physically and environmental not by Gods

Fracastro

Disease is caused by invisible seminaria (seeds of contagion) - seeds attached themselves to certain objects - built off of Varro’s germ theory of disease

Baptista

Found physiological processes led to chemistry, found existence of gases other than air, proven wrong over time, noticed rats/maggots came from dead material/living things from nonliving things (spontaneous gen)

Hooke

Put a small slice of cork under a microscope, came up with term cell to describe a honeycomb structure, built complex lens microscopes

Redi

Disproved the theory that maggots spontaneously form on meat, said living things came from living things not nonliving, disproved spontaneous gen

Leeuwenhoek

Known as father of microbiology, built over 500 single lens microscopes, came up with “animalcules”

Spallanzani

Helped disproved theory of spontaneous generation, disproved Needham’s experiment, said living organisms were carreid through air not nonliving items

Jenner

Father of immunology, smallpox vaccine, injected cowpox lesion into a child to test out cowpox vaccine

Sammelseis

Importance of handwashing, said students who didn’t wash hands develop infection

Snow

Came up with experiment based on cholera outbreak in London, before this no plumbing

Pasteur

Created swan neck flask, disproved theory of spontaneous generation, as long as bacteria is trapped in the flask, the water will remain sterile

Lister

Father of modern surgery, found that microorganisms were the cause of sepsis/blood poisoning, mortality rates dropped from 45% to 15%

Koch

Discovered TB, proved it was infectious not inherited, also had a series of postulates - disease connected to infectious agents

Ehrlich

Found cure for syphilis and structure/function of cellular antibodies, basis of antibiotics

Fleming

Discovered Penicillin and the medicinal properties of it

Varro

First came up with Germ Theory of Disease and warned against living near swamps because there were invisible organisms getting everyone sick

structure of the bacteria, severity of structure, whether it has a capsule (encapsulated bacteria are more dangerous)

What could staining the bacteria help people understand?

Coccus

spherical bacteria

bacillus

rod shaped bacteria

Spiral bacteria

Spirochete

Curved bacteria

vibrio

staphylo

clusters of bacteria

strepto

strips of bacteria

spherical clusters

staphylococcus

Crystal violet, gram’s iodine, ethanol, safranin (decolorization)

Order of steps in Gram stain

lymphocytes

In a complete blood count, a viral infection would show an elevated number of___

fungus

Which organism glows under a Woods lamp?

plasma membrane

What’s found in a yeast cell but not a bacterial cell

peptidoglycan

Cell wall of bacteria is made up of

transmission electron microscope

which type of microscopy would work best for viewing internal cell structures in detail

Mycolic acid

What is inside of cell walls of Mycobacterium that makes them waxy and repel Gram stain

Commensal

Which type of symbiotic relationship involves one organism that benefits while the other is unaffected by the relationship

Fimbraie

What is found on prokaryotic cells and acts like a “velcro” and allows the bacteria to stick to surfaces

Cytoproct

Which structure found on some protozoa allows for the organism to remove waste from the cell?

capsid

The protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus is known as what

brightfield microscopes

White light used - dark image against a bright background

Phase contrast microscopes

Can see the contrast of transparent bacteria that are not stained - can be seen while alive

Fluorescent microscopes 

Uses fluorescence rather or with standard reflection - specific wavelength of light - longer and brighter wavelength

Gram positive bacteria

Very thick peptidoglycan cell wall, adding gram stain gets stuck in peptidoglycan because of thickness - comes out purple after alcohol

Gram negative

Have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall + an outer membrane - adding gram stain gets blocked by outer membrane, turns pink

Safranin

sticks to membranes - if cell is gram negative, violet is washed away and safranin sticks

PCR test

looks for viral DNA and amplifies it

RT-PCR

Converts RNA into DNA and then amplifies the DNA

Respiratory pathogen panel

Looking for immune response to virus - responds by making antibodies

Viral tests

tests if the virus is in the body currently

antibody tests

tests if virus has been in body

have no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, unicellular

Prokaryotic cells

Cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane

Which organelles are in all cells

Fimbriae

allows all prokaryotes to stick to a structure

Capsules

What on some prokaryotes causes a cell to be more pathogenic

Plasmids

Extra DNA that gives advantages - not for lifecycle

Pili

Hair-like spikes that are on edge of various prokaryotes

Flagella

allows for motility in prokaryotic cell

Cilia

in eukaryotic cell - allows one a cell to move through a medium

Peroxisome

digests peroxide

Mutualistic

both organisms help each other

Commensalism

one is benefitted and the other is unaffected

ammensalism

one gets harmed and one is unaffected

parasitism

one is helped and one is harmed

neutralism

both unaffected

Mushrooms

macroscopic and multicellular fungus

Yeast

microscopic and unicellular fungus

Mold

macroscopic and multicellular

Filaments

Known as hyphae which make up structure of most multicellular fungi

Mycelia

Systems of fungi - underground networks

Septate

Separated nuclei by crosswalls

Coencytic

one long nuclei throughout

Pseudohyphae

In unicellular fungi - arranges themselves to look like filaments but are not actually

Chitin

What is the cell wall of a fungus made up of

Dimorphic fungi

Pathogenic fungi that starts as mold spores and turns into yeast like

Asexual reproduction of fungi

Mitosis - daughter cells become identical to parent cells

sexual reproduction of fungi

2 mating types come together, plasmogamy (plasma membranes of 2 parent cells fuse), dikaryon go into karyogamy (2 nuclei fuse together), meiosis happens to have separate cell types

Bacteriophages

Virus that infects bacteria cells - not infect humans

Lytic cycle

Virus attaches to bacteria and replicates and lyses cell to burst out

Lysogenic cycle

Virus attaches to bacteria and prophage happens (bacteriophage DNA inserting into virus DNA) and then the lytic cell happens

Animal Viruses

Can be different shapes, DNA or RNA, no plasma membrane since they are not living, single or double stranded

helical, icosahedral, complex

Animal virus shapes

RNA viruses

antisense - needs a viral polymerase to be translated

Virus cycle

First attach to the cell and then engulf in the cell

Enveloped virus

A type of virus enclosed in a lipid bilayer gained from host membrane spike protein

Capsid

Protein coat - crucial for casting the virus

Prions

Attacks nervous tissue, similar symptoms to a neurodegenerative disease but quick onset

How do prions cause symptoms?

Misshapen proteins spread to other correctly shapen proteins becoming misshapen - eating one of these proteins triggers the productions of other ones

Spongiform encephalitis

caused by prions - like quick dementia

Using fluorescent antibodies for the virus to bind to it - if the virus and antibodies bind, these will glow

How do we see viruses?

Immunoglobulin

passive antibodies - inject directly into sight/goes after virus - triggers the body to make antibodies - stops replication

Vaccine

Helps body make its own antibodies

fungus

What are ringworms caused by

raised edges

Differences between fungus and ringworm

reproductive spores, not encased while on a stalk

Micro and macro conidia

Schizogony

Asexual reproduction - single cell grows and divides into multiple daughter cells

neutrophils

What do bacterial infections have elevated?

eosinophils

What do parasitic worms have elevated?