501 Final - Poultry Industry

When was artificial light used to stim egg production?

1889

When was the Electric Candled invented?

What does it do?

1909

Lets you look through an egg to assess shell soundness, interior quality, stage of embryonic development

What are the 3 Layer/Egg Breeds?

Which is the most numerous in US?

Leghorn - Most numerous in US

Ancona

Minorca

List the 3 Meat Breeds

*Which is considered the “ultimate meat bird”

Orpington

*Cornish —> size leads to repro issues tho

Australorp

List the 5 Dual Purpose Breeds

What is a defining feature of each?

Plymouth Rock - Most popular until WW2, Brown eggs

Rhode Island Reds = best for EGGS of the dual purpose breeds (brown)

New Hampshire - bred from RI reds for size —> MEAT

Araucana - Blue-green eggs, aka “Easter eggs”, Rumpless w/no tail

Ameracauna - closely related to Araucana, Have mugs, beards, and a rump, blue eggs

What are Exhibition Breeds?

Bantams = mini versions of other breeds

Ex: Seabrights, Silkies (fluffy ones)

Which chicken breed is the “Industry Standard” for both meat and eggs

Ross

What are bird’s 2 skeletal adaptations for flight?

1. S-shaped cervical vertebrae —> functions as a spring that can compress when landing —> less shock to head

2. Rigid spinal vertebrae for flight ; Fused spinal vertebrae  —> more stability —> makes flapping easier on musculoskeletal system

3. Pneumatic bones = contain little air pockets

Avian Influenza

High mortality

Affects multiple systems

Last outbreak likely from Water Fowl

Coccidiosis

Protozoa —> bloody diarrhea

Curled-toe paralysis

B2-riboflavin deficiency —> nervous system issues 

Infectious Coryza

Common cold

Marek’s Disease

List the 4 forms of the disease

Viral, spread via dander in the air; No cure but easy to vaccinate (even in ova)

• Skin form - white bumps /crusty brown scabs

• Nerve form - paralysis

• Eye form - blindness

• Internal organ form - tumors, enlarged abdomen

Mites

—> Disheveled appearance

Important economically

Easily cured by “dusting” the chicken

Newcastle Disease

First appeared in LA in 1971 - 3 million birds died - entire flock affected in 2 days

• If detected, quarantine entire county

• Coughing sneezing (resp), greenish diarrhea (dig), paralysis, twisted neck (nervous)

Perosis

Mn, Choline, Biotin, B3 or folic acid deficiency —> slipped tendon —> stand in split 

Poult enteritis mortality syndrome

—> diarrhea in TURKEYS 7-28 days old

How are the 3 Egg Grades defined

• Grade AA = highest consumer grade

  • Whites are thick and firm, yolks are high round and almost free from defects, clean and unbroken shells

• Grade A = Same as AA except whites are only “reasonably firm” ; sometimes sold at stores too

• Grade B = Whites thinner, yolks wider and flatter, shells have slight stains 

  • Used for liquid, frozen, or dried egg products 

What are the 3 Turkey breeds?

• Broad-breasted White 

  • Females are 14-22lbs 

  • Require AI for repro b/c breast muscle too large for chloacal kiss

• Broad-breasted Brown

  • Calmer, easier to handle

  • “Mascot of Thanksgiving”

• White Beltsville

  • Able to breed naturally = Advantage over broad breasted turkeys

Ducks - Whats the leading US State?

Indiana

List the 6 Mallard Breeds and a defining characteristic of each

• Khaka Campbell

  • Best for egg production

  • Eat large quantities of snails, slugs, algae, insects, mosquitos, from ponds

• Indian Runner (Aflac duck)

  • Prefer to run than waddle = faster

• Welsh Harlequin (dual purpose)

  • Lacks strong sense of self preservation—> vulnerable to predators 

• Pekin

  • Most desirable table duck in US/Australia (meat)

• American Buff

  • Dual purpose, get pretty large

• (Cayuga - dual purpose, hardy)

What breed is not decedent ot the Mallard?

Muscovy

• Dev in Brazil

• Caruncles (wrinkles) above eyes and around beak

• Quack-less

• Have claws 

• Eat more animal than veg (mallard = v.v.)

• Spend more time in trees than water (oil glands less developed)

• Mules;  Muscovy + Mallard  = mule = sterile

• Indiscriminate maters; will mate with anything that vaguely resembles them

What is the oldest domestic animal?

Where?

What did they simbolize

Geese

China

Wedding gift b/c monogamous

What are the 2 Geese breeds?

Toulouse = largest, most popular

Emden = grows fast and large, air of intelligence

Ostrich US Top States

Texas, Ca, KS