Plant hormones and responces to Envirmental

Auxin

• stimulates cell elongation

• regulates branching

• organ bending

Cytokinins

• promote cell division and differentiation

• promotes axillary bud growth

• stimulate shoot formation

gibberellins (GA)

• stimulate stem elongation

• promote seed germination

• enhance fruit development

• use reserves

abscisic acid

• regulates stomatal closure

• promotes seed dormancy

• responds to stress conditions (heat)

Ethylene

• regulates fruit ripening

• mechanical stress

• promotes leaf and flower senescence

• leaf abscission

Brassinosteroids

• promote cell elongation

• stimulate differentiation

• chemically semilar to sex hormones of animals

jasmonates

• involved in plant defense responses insect hebivor

• regulates physiological processes

Strigolactones

• regulates apical dominance

• seed germination'

• mycorrhizal associations

Drought

• ABA ( Abscisic acid ) is released causing closing of stomata

Flooding

Formation of air tube that help roots survive

Salt

avoiding osmotic water loss by producing solutes tolerated at high concentrations

Heat

Synthesis of heat-shock proteins, which will reduce protein denaturization

Cold

Adjusting membrane fluidity; avoiding osmotic water loss; anti freeze proteins

Simple Fruits

single carpel/several fused carpel (pea pod = single carpel (simple pistil) tomato = 4 fused carpel (compound pistil)

Aggregate fruits

single flower with multiple unfused carpels (raspberry or blackberry)(strawberry is aggregate and accessory)

Multiple fruits

inflorescence of flowers (pineapples, figs, mulberries)

Accessory fruits

other floral parts with ovaries (stawberries receptacle, or apple hypanthium)

True Berry

tomato

True Berry

grapes

True Berry

avacadosTrue Berry

True Berry

Dates

False Berry

bananas

False Berry

pomegranates

False Berry

blueberries

False Berry

cranberries

False Berry

elderberries

False Berry

gooseberries/currants

Drupes

CherriesDrupes

Drupes

peaches

Drupes

apricots

Drupes

plums

Drupes

almonds

Drupes

olives

Drupes

coconuts

Hesperiderm (citrus)

oranges

Hesperiderm (citrus)

lemons

Hesperiderm (citrus)

limes

Hesperiderm (citrus)

grapefruits

Hesperiderm (citrus)

kumquats

Pepo

melons

Pepo

squash

Pepo

gourds

Pomes

apples

Pomes

pears

Pomes

quinces

Pomes

loquats

Pomes

medlars

Pomes

hawthorn

Pomes

firethorn

Pomes

toyon

Dehiscent fruits (dry)

capsules

Dehiscent fruits (dry)

pods

Dehiscent fruits (dry)

follicles

Dehiscent fruits (dry)

siliques

Indehiscent fruits (dry)

achenes

Indehiscent fruits (dry)

caryopsis

Indehiscent fruits (dry)

cypselas

Indehiscent fruits (dry)

utricles

Indehiscent fruits (dry)

samaras