RAD 121 Week Two

Anatomy

The term applied to the science of the structure of the body

Physiology

The study of the function of the body organs

Osteology

The study of bones

Arthrology

The study of joints or articulations

How many bones are in the human body?

206

What is the axial skeleton made of?

80 bones: central axis of the body which includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

126 bones: limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdles

Bone Functions

Attachment for muscles, mechanical basis for movement, protection of internal organs, support frame for body, storage for calcium, phosphorous and other salts, production of red and white blood cells

Long bones

Limbs, compact bone, spongy bone, periosteum

Irregular bones

Peculiar shapes (vertebrae, facial bones and pelvic bones)

Short bones

Carpal and tarsal bones

Flat bones

Calvarium, sternum, ribs and scapulae

Intramembranous ossification

Bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo produce the flat bones (skull, sternum, clavicles)

Endochondral ossification

Bones replaces hyaline cartilage in the embryo and produces short, irregular and long bones

When does primary ossification begin?

Before birth and forms longs central shaft in long bones

When does secondary ossification begin?

After birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones (epiphysis)

Diaphysis

Primary center of ossification develops into the body of the bone

Epiphysis

Secondary center of ossification- located at the ends of bones

Epiphyseal plates

Growth plates located between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Functional classification

Based on the mobility of the joint (immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable)

Structural classification

Based on the types of tissues that united or bind the articulating bones (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial)

Fibrous

Held together by fibrous tissue

Cartilaginous

Held together by cartilage

Synovial

Synovial fluid in the joint capsule

Synarthrodial

Immovable (sutures in our head)

Amphiarthrodial

Limited movement

Syndesmosis

United by sheets of fibrous tissue

Suture

Occurs only in the skull

Gomphosis

Occurs only in the roots of the teeth

Symphysis

Designed for strength and shock absorbency

Synchondrosis

Contains rigid cartilage that unites two bones

How many synovial joints movement types?

7 (plane, ginglymus, trochoid, ellipsoid, sellar, spheroidal, bicondylar)

Plane (gliding)

Wrist

Ginglymus (hinge)

Elbow joinsr and finger joints

Trochoid (pivot)

Radius and ulna, C1-2

Ellipsoid (condyloid)

a rounded process at an articular end; "knuckle

Sellar (saddle)

Thumb

Spheroidal (ball and socket)

Hip joint and shoulder joint

Bicondylar

Condoles of the mandible

Processes or projections

Extend beyond or protect out from the main body of a bone

Depressions

Hollow or depressed areas

Fractures

A break in bone

Condole

Rounded end

Coracoid or coronid

Beaklike or crownlike process

Crest

Raised ridge

Epicondyle

Projection above the condyle

Facet

Thoracic spine, flattened areas

Hamulus

For attachment of tendons, hook shaped process

Head

Expanded end of a long bone

Horn

Hornlike process

Line

Linear elevation, not as prominent as a crest

Malleolus

Flatter and club shaped process

Protuberance

Projecting prominence

Spine

Sharp process

Styloid

Long, pointed process

Styloid

Long, pointed process

Trochanter

Either of the two large, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur

Tubercle

Small, rounded, elevated process

Tuberosity

Large, rounded and elevated proces

Depressions

Fissure, foramen, fossa, groove, meatus, notch, sinus, sulcus

Fissure

A crack thats a passageway for nerves

Foramen

Hole for transmission of vessels and nerves

Fossa

Bowl/fovea

Groove

Shallow linear channel

Meatus

Tubelike passageway (ex: hole in our ears)

Notch

Indentation in the border of a bone

Sinus

Recess, groove, cavity or hollow space

Sulcus

Furrow or trench

How many projections for long bones?

Minimum of two

how many projections for joint?

Minimum of 3 (AP/PA, lateral and oblique)

What are the exceptions to positioning rules?

Post reduction upper and lower limbs (1 projection needed), pelvis study projection unless a hip injury is suspected (1 projection needed), Abdomen KUB (1 projection needed)

how many projections does a hand need?

3 projections

How many projection does the forearm need?

2 projections

How many projections does a femur need?

Two projection

How many projections does the knee need?

Three projections

How many projections does the humerus need?

Two projections

How would you view limbs?

In anatomic position

How would you view hands and feet?

The digits should be up

What is the fovea?

A little hole for ligaments