Music and Culture in Asia Mid term

buddhism

religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the buddha - focuses on acheiving enlightenment and liberation from suffering

theravada

oldest branch of buddhism practiced mainly in southeast asia - emphasizes a simple life, meditation and individual enlightenment

mahayana

later more inlcusive branch of buddhism that focuses on helping all reach enlightenment found in east asia

nirvana

ultimate goal in buddhism - state of liberation from suffering desire and the cycle of birth

meditation

mental practice used to devleop mindfulness, concentrationa nd insight - central to achieving enlightenment

chant

repeated rythmic phrase spoken or sung used in budhiise to aid focus or express devotion

sacred sound

a sound believed to have spiritual power in buddhism including chants mantras and insturments

monk

man who dedicates his life or a part ot religious practices 

layperson

a non-monastic follower of buddhism who suppots the monks and practices buddhist teachings

zen

japanese school of mahayana buddhism that emphasizes meditation, intuition and simplicity over ritual or scripture

shakuhachi

traditional japanese bambook flute used in zen meditaiton for breath control and spritual reflection

visualization

meditative practive in which one imaginses deities, symbols or spiritual scenes to cultivate focus and insight

mysticism

the pursuit of direct personal experience of the divine or ultimate reality through meditation or spiritual practice

throat singing

vocal technique where singers produce multiple pitches at once by manipulating the mouth and throat

multiphonic chant

a type or chanting where a singer produces more than one note at the same time

harmonic/overtone

a secondary tone naturally produced along with the main note when singing or playing and instrument

shamanism

a spiritual practice found in many cultures where shamans communicate with spirits or the natrual world through rituals and music

shaman

spiritual healer or intermeditaur used in rituals to connect with the spirit world

folk music

traditional music passed down thorugh generation refelcting communities culture history and spritual beleifs

kut

korean shamanistic ritual involving music dance and offerings

music

organize sounds that expresses ideas, emotions or cultural identity

ethnomusicology

the study of music in its cultural and social contexts

court music

music performed for royalty or nobility often formal and ceremonial

classical music

highly devleoped formalized music tradtions

composition

the act of creating or writing music 

improvisation

creating or performing music spontaneoulsy rather than from written notation

chrodophone

string instruments

aerophone

wind instruments

idiophone

instruments producing sound from the instrument itself

membranophone

instruments producing sound via a stretched membrane

indigenization

adapting foreign musical influences into a local culture 

heritagization

preserving and promoting traditional music as part of cultural heritage

rythmic cycle

repeating pattern of beats that forms the basis of rhythm

texture

how different musical parts are combined

heterophony

mulitple performers playing the same melody with slight variations

gagaku

japanese court music

hichiriki

japnese double reed aerophone

sho

japanese mouth organ with multiple pipes

biwa

japanese short necked lute (large body skinny neck)

koto

japanese zither with movable bridges

taiko

japanese barrel drum

Aak

korean confucian ritual court music

hyangak

indigenous korean court music

Court gamelan

indonesian ensemble with tuned gongs and metallophones

bronze

primary metal used for gamelan instruments

gong

circular metal used for gamelan

piphat

thai classical ensemble featuring wind and percussion instruments

wai khru

thai teacher honoring ceremony

virtuoso

exceptional musical skill or a performer with such mastery

ching

thai small cymbals that mark time in ensembles

drone and melody

common texture in asian music: a continuos drone supports a moving melody

carnatic

south indian classical music tradition

hindustani

north indian classical music tradition

raga

melodic framework or mode for improvisation and composition

tala

ryhtmic framework or cycle

tanpur

long necked plucked string instrument providing drone

mridangam

south indian double headed drum

veena

south indian plucked string instrument

drone

sustained tone or tones that underpin a melody

sitar

north indian plucked string instrument iwht sympathetic strings

tabla

pair of tuned hand drums used in north indian music

guru

teacher or master musician in indian music traditions

transmission

how musical knowledge is passed down

pedagogy

methods and principles of teaching music

oral tradition

music learned and passed down by ear and memory

fusion

blending elemtns from different musical tradition

Epic poem

long narrative poem that tells the story of heroic figures, important events and cultural values of a society

indianization

historical spread of indian culture, religion, language, and political ideas to southeast asia via trade and cultural exchange

sanskrit

an ancient language of india used in sacred texts

mahabharata

longest epic poem in the world telling the story of a dynastic conflict

ramayana

an ancient epic poem that follows prince ramas quest to rescue his wife

wayang kulit

traditional south east aisan shadow puppet theater that performs stories from ramayana and mahabharata

dalang

master puppeteer in wayang kulit that conrols the puppets and overall story

gender wayang

traditional indonesian gamelan music to accompany wayang kutli performances

shadow puppet

a flat puppet whose silhouette is porjected using light in wayang kulit

shimmering (sound)

a music effect created by rapid overlappin gotnes to prudce a vibrating auditory texture

state/state power

the authority and control excerside by a governemtn over its people, culture and institution

Jingju/ peking opera

traditional chinese theatrical form combining music, dance, martial arts and elaborate costumes

PRC - peoples republic of china

the soicalist state established in 1949 under communist leadership

Revoltuionary Peking Opera/ Model opera

state approved operas created during chinas revolution that promoted communist ideology and revolutionary values

Ideology

a system of beliefs of ideas that shapes how people undertand society. politics, and power often sued to justify authority

hybridity

the blenidng of differnet uclutral tradtions to create new forms of expression

Colonialism

the practice of one country controlling another territory

Post colonialism

the study of the cultural poltical dns soical effects of colonial rle after independnce

78

a 78 rpm chellac record used int eh early 20th centrue to distribute populare music before vinyls

tanjidor

inodnesian musical ensemble combinign local traditions with military band instruments introduced during colonial rule

Kroncong

an indonesian popular muisc genere influenced by portoguese music featureng ukulele like instruemtns and snetimental melodies

gambang Kromong

a hyrbid indonesian musical stye blenidng chinese and local betawi musical traditions

shanghai jazz

1930s chinese popular music combining jazz with chinese meoldies and aesthettics

phleng lukkrung

a thai urban popular music genre associated with the middle and upper calsses

enka

japanese popula rmuisc genre characterized by emtoinal singing and themes of longing, tradition and nostalgia

Trot

korean popular music genre influcned by Japanese enka known for its rythic repetition and emoitnal delivery

Phleng lukthung

thai rural popular music genre that reflects working class life, migration, and social struggles

localization

process of adapting global cultural products to fit local languages, tastes, and traditions

maulam

traditional cambodian sung poetry and storytelling fomr used to ezpress emotion, history and social commentary

khaen

traditional lao bamboo mouth organ commonly used in folk and popular music

VCD

Video compact disc, an affordtable video format widely sued in asia before DVDs and streaming

Karaoke VCD

vcd format that allows users to sing along to songs

media consumption

how audience access, use and engage with media such as music, film and television

dangdut

an indnesian poplar music genre blending malay, indian, arabica and western infleuces often associated with the working class