Māori + European (early whalers & sealers) - pattern of contact established. [Māori popl. > Pākeha popl.]
C1800
Marsden’s Mission - Revd. Samuel Marsden = one of the first missionaries in NZ
1814
Māori Chiefs petition British Govt. for protection against lawlessness by sailors, escaped convicts and adventurers
1831
James Busby appointed official Resident (junior consular representative) to protect Māori, growing no. of British settlers & own trade interest.
1832
Declaration of Independence written in response to perceived threat of French annexation
1835
Concern over Māori welfare; European settlers = harmful effects to Maori. Missionaries intervened to discourage land sales.
1835-1840
British colony established to ensure land transactions that defrauded Māori were stopped.
1837
Landsharking peaks; purchases raced to buy as much land as they could
1838-1839
William Hobson as Consul
1839
Hobson and Governor Gipps proclaim Land Purchase prohibitions of private Māori land
1840
Treaty of Waitangi signed; ~500 Māori, & 200 Pākeha.
6th February 1840
Hobson proclaimed sovereignty over NZ
21st May 1840
Chief Protector of Aborigines appointed
1841
Commission investigates pre-Treaty land purchases by Europeans. If purchase made in good faith, purchase = validated & given Crown Grant of 2560 acres. If purchase = invalid or >2560 acres, land become Crown land, NOT returned to Māori
1842 (Land purchases)
Māori deemed under Crown authority (note: this goes against the Māori translation of Te Tiriti o Waitangi)
1842 (Crown Authority)
Wairau Incident - settlers in the NZ Company town of Nelson wanted to expand into Wairau Valley but Chiefs denied claim that the land was sold to the NZ Company. Battle → 22 Europeans killed
1843
Northern War, aka ‘Hōne Heke’s Rebellion’ or ‘Flagstaff War‘; fighting between two factions of Ngāpuhi as well as clashes with British forces; govt. new rules & regulations cost Māori in the Bay of Islands trade & other economic opportunities - deprived Māori of sources of revenue
1844
“Surplus“ land taken - British Govt. instructed all Māori land to be registered; any land unused will = Crown land. Crown agents developed many methods to persuade Māori to sell land.
1846
NZ First Parliamentary system; Māori not included & only Māori with registered land could vote
The Constitution Act 1852
First Māori King chosen
1858
War in Taranaki - started over internal tribal conflict (tribe split into two stances) between selling or not selling the Waitara block as well as external conflict (tribe vs Crown)
March 1860
Kohimārama conference
1860 (conference)
Māori affairs shift to Govt.
1862
NZ Settlements Act - Authorised taking of land from Māori.
1863
Waikato War - could be seen as the defining moment in NZ history esp. with relations between Māori and Pākeha
1863-65
Colonial self-reliance
1864
Land confiscations - five districts proclaimed to be under the Act: Taranaki, Waikato, Tauranga, Eastern Bay of Plenty, and Mōhaka-Waikare [~1.5 million acres]
December 1864
Native Land Court established - Determine ownership of land
1865
Gave Māori the rights of natural-born British subjects. Allowed to sue and be sued in Supreme Court
The Native Rights Act 1865
Created four Māori seats in parliament (note: only nominal power obtained and only for Māori men. Number of seats for Māori = disproportionate)
Māori Representation Act 1867
Funds for schools in Māori villages. Taught English and other subjects with the intention of assimilation into Pākeha lifestyle.
The Native Schools Act 1867
Continued system of salaried Māori Assessors & police; allowed bicultural application of law in rural areas
Resident Magistrates Act 1867
Te Kooti imprisoned without trial; government tended to treat Māori captured in battle as prisoners of war
1865
Titokowaru resists land confiscation in south Taranaki
1868
First Māori members of parliament & adult Māori men were given universal suffrage (11 years before Pākeha men)
1868
Fragmentation of Māori land ownership, cause great difficulties for Māori
1873
Treaty of Waitangi judged legal nullity
1877
Major meetings on the Treaty to bring it back into prominence
1879
Parihaka occupied by force [Parihaka has since been seen as a symbol of Māori resistance]
1881
King Tawhiao makes peace → End of NZ Wars
1882
Māori deputations to the Queen to seek redress
1882 (Queen)
Investigation of Māori Land and laws surrounding administration of Māori land. [Māori had virtually no land in S. Island & <40% in N. Island]
1891
Establishment of Māori Parliament - Kohitanga
1892
Ratana Movement - religious movement. Joined with Labour party and won all four Māori seats in Parliament → stronger voice
1918
Royal Commission on Land Confiscations - set up time frame for compensations for some confiscations found to be excessive
1926
Māori land development schemes set up by Sir Apirana Ngata (Native Minister)
1929
First celebration of Waitangi Day
1934
Ngāi Tahu settlement - £10,000/annum for 30 yrs; Waikato-Maniapoto settlement - £6,000/annum; Taranaki settlement - £6,000/annum for 50 years, then £5,000/annum after that
1944
Māori Affairs Act - governing legislation for Māori land for 40 years; measure designed to force unproductive Māori land into use
1953
NZ Māori Council established
1962
Protest over Māori Affairs Amendment Act (conversion of Māori ‘freehold‘ land w/ <4 owners = general land); protest in fear of further land alienation
1967
Māori Land March - Whine Cooper’s Māori land hīkoi marched from Te Ika-a-Māui, Cape Reinga, to Wellington, to publicise concerns over unceasing disposal of Māori land in Crown hands
14th September 1975
Waitangi Tribunal established - ongoing commission of inquiry to hear grievances against Crown [note: few claims were actually investigated]
1945
Bastion Point occupation - protest high-value housing development on former Ngāti Whātua reserve land.
1977
Raglan Golf Course protest - Land taken during WW2 returned to Tainui Awhiro people after long dispute & protest, but with part of it turned into golf course
1981
Crown allows claims back to 1840
1985 (claims)
Waitangi Tribunal issues reports -
1985 (reports)
Treaty principles in legislation - courts determine whether or not principles appropriately applied leading to Treaty far-reaching recognition in national & local govt. Te reo Māori also gained greater authority + usage
1986
Landmark court case - established that Crown must pay heed to previous Māori ownership in disposal of surplus Crown assets ie. land.
1987
Treaty settlements signed - settlement on commercial fisheries signed, vesting $170 milion w/ Waitangi Fisheries Commission → able to buy 50% of Sealord Products Ltd.
1992
Te Ture Whenua Māori enacted - act passed to make it very difficult to purchase any remaining Māori land, also seeks to overcome problems of fragmentation of titles among multiple owners
1993
Rising protest on Land and Treaty issues
mid-1990s
Office of Treaty Settlements established - conducts negotiations with Māori claimants on levels of remedy for past breaches of Te Tiriti o Waitangi.
1995