STUDRDFAAAAAAAAAAYYYYYYYYY quantum mechanics

Bohr's Model of the Atom is Introduced

This model introduces the concept of electrons orbiting the nucleus in specific paths (orbits) at definite energy levels. It explains the behavior of simple atoms like Hydrogen, and the production of line spectra as electrons move between these energy levels. The model specifies that electrons occupy allowed orbits separated by large spaces. Electrons can exist in one orbit or another, but not in between. Electrons orbit the nucleus with certain speeds

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Heisenberg proposes that it is fundamentally impossible to simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of a particle, particularly an electron. This is due to the act of observation changing its path. The principle introduces the idea of inherent uncertainty in the properties of subatomic particles

de Broglie's Hypothesis

Inspired by the wave-particle duality of light, de Broglie proposes that electrons also exhibit wave-like properties in addition to their particle nature.

Schrödinger Develops the Wave Equation

Building on de Broglie's ideas, Schrödinger develops a mathematical equation to describe the behavior of electrons as waves around the nucleus. This equation forms the foundation of Quantum Theory. It also implies that electrons exist in orbitals (3D regions), not orbits. Electrons are treated as waves that have a probability of being found at various distance

Quantum Numbers are Defined

A set of four quantum numbers are established to specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the electrons within them. These numbers help describe the size, shape, orientation, and spin of the electron cloud and the electrons:

N = principal

distance from nucleus

L = angular

shape of orbital

M = Magnetic

orientation in space

S = Spin

electron spin

Aufbau Principle

States electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can recieve

Pauli Exclusion Principal

States two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers

Hund’s Rules

States orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by 1 electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in a singly occupied orbits much have the same spin state

Electron Configuration

The arrangements of electrons in an atom