IPHY 2400 - Chapter 7: Orthopedics and Skeletal System

osteoma

benign bone growth

osteosarcoma

malignant growth of bone osteoblasts

ewing sarcoma

malignant bone growth in young men

chondroma

benign cartilage tumor

chondromalacia patellae

abnormal softening of the patella due to thinning and uneven wear

frature (Fx)

broken bone, if bone heals without Tx, malunion and malalignment

stress Fx

Fx due to force/torsion during sport/activity

pathologic Fx

Fx due to disease like osteoporosis

closed Fx

Fx where bone does not break through the skin

open/compound Fx

Fx where bone breaks thru the skin

nondisplaced Fx

Fx where bones remain in normal anatomical alignment

displaced Fx

Fx where bone pulled out of normal anatomical alignment

colles fracture

distal radius broken by falling on outstretched hand

comminuted Fx

Fx where bone is crushed into several pieces

compression Fx

vertebrae are compressed and collapse on itself due to disease

depressed Fx

Fx cranium bends inward towards the brain

greenstick Fx

bonr broken only on one side. occurs often in children

hairline Fx

thin Fx line with bone still tg. difficult ot detect except on x-ray

oblique Fx

bone broken on oblique angle

spiral fracture

bone broken in a spiral due to twisting force

transverse Fx

bone broken in a transvere plane perpendicular to its long axis

osteomalacia

abnormal softening of bone due to viatmin D deficiency/lack of sun exposure

osteomyelitis

infection of bone/bone marrow. bacteria enter bone post-op/injury

osteoporosis

thinning of bone structure, bone breakdown exceeds formation. decreased Ca and P

pectus excavatum

congenital deform. where sternum is bent inwards posterially.

ankylosing spondylitis

chronic inflammation of vertabrae that leads to fibrosis, fusion, and limited spine motility

kyphosis

abnormal posterior curve of thoracic spine (humpback)

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of lumbar spine (swayback)

scoliosis

C/S shaped lateral curvature of spine

dextroscoliosis

R sided scoliosis

levoscoliosis

L sided scoliosis

spondylisthesis

degenerative condition of the spine, one vertebra moves anterior and slips out of alignment. due to invertevral disk degeneration, sports, or compression Fx

genu valgum

congenital deformality where knees rotate toward the midline. legs bend away. knock-knee

genu varum

congenital deform where knees abnormally far apart but legs bend toward midline. bowleg

hallux valgus

big toe (hallux) angles toward other toes causing swelling and bunion

talipes equinovarus

foot pulled downward and medially. clubfoot

rheumatoid factor (RF)

blood test that comes back positive if patients have RF

uric acid

blood test that shows increased uric acid in patients with gout

bone density tests

measure bone mineral density (BMD)

DEXA scan

bone density test where 2 X-rays make a 2D picture

QCT Scan

bone density scan using 1 xay and 1 CT to make a 3D image.

cast

plastic/fiberglass casing that immobilizes the bone

closed reduction

displaced fractures put tg

goniometry

Px that measures angle of joint and ROM

orthosis

brace or splint that immobilizes

PT

exercises that increase ROM, joint mobility, strength, and balance

prosthesis

replacement limb

traction

pulls bone ends of a fracture to alignment

arthralgia

pain in joint due to injury or -itis

arthopathy

joint disease

dislocation

displacement of the end of the bone from its normal position

gout

metabolic disorder where increased uric lvls cause pain in joints

rheumatoid arthiritis (RA)

acute and chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue

osteoarthiritis

chronic inflammation, pain, stiffness of joints as cartilage wears and bone rubs on bone

sprain

overstretch/tear of ligaments around a joint

subluxation

partial dislocation with slight displacement of bone ends from a joint

torn meniscus

tear in cartillage pad in knee joint

hemarthrosis

condition in blood in joint cavity due to trauma or penetrating injury

bone graft

replacement of bone

autograph

bone replacement where own patient’s bone is used

allograft

bone replacement where a cadaver’s bone is used

bunionectomy

bunion removal

cartilage transplant

replacement of damaged cartilage.

external fixation

Tx for complicated fractures, external pins immobilize bones.

open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)

Tx for complicated fractures

bone resorption inhibitors

prevent osteoclasts from breaking down bone, Tx for osteoporosis

amputation

removal of all/part of an extremity

BKA

below the knee amputation. tibia/fibula

AKA

above the knee amputation, femur

arthrocentesis

removal of accumulated fluid in a joint

arthrodesis

boen fusion in deteriorated, unstable joints

antrhoscopy

anthroscope visualizes inside of joint