Astonomy quiz 1

Kinetic energy

is the energy that an object possesses due to its motion. It is dependent on the mass and velocity of the object.

Radiative energy

is the energy carried by electromagnetic waves, such as light. It is a form of energy that can travel through space and is emitted by objects as they radiate heat.

potential energy

is the energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration. It can be converted to kinetic energy when the object is set in motion.

Gravitational potential energy

is the potential energy held by an object because of its vertical position or height in a gravitational field. It is calculated based on the object's height above a reference point and its mass.

Kepler’s first law of planetary motion

states that planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun, with the Sun at one of the foci of the ellipse.

Keplers second law of planetary motion

states that a line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time, meaning that planets move faster when they are closer to the Sun.

Kelpers third law of planetary motion

states that the square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit, indicating a relationship between a planet's distance from the Sun and its orbital period.

Venus Phase

galileo’s observations of the phases of Venus proved that it orbits the sun and not Earth

Reflection Nebula

stellar light scattered by surrounding dust particles-these dust particles reflect light from the stars they surround

Intersteller extinction

the dimming of light from distant stars caused by interstellar dust and gas absorbing and scattering the light.

Ecliptic

the path the sun appears to take around the celestial sphere each year

Precession

The direction in which Earth’s axis points does indeed change slowly but regularly

Quasers

Brlliant centers of galaxies, glowing with the light of an extraordinarily energetic process

Newtons first law of motion

EVery object willc ontinue to be in a state of rest or move at a constant speed in a straight line unless compelled to change by an outside force

Newtons second law of motion

The change of motion in a body is proportional to and in the direction of the force acting on it

Newtons second law of motion

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Angular momentum

A measure of the rotation of a body as it revolves around some fixed point

Waves

A wave is a pattern of motion that can carry energy without carrying matter along with it

Particles of light

Photons; The higher the frequency the higher the energy

The electromagnetic spectrum

The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation

Universal law of gravitation

Gravitational attraction between two bodies must be proportional to their masses

Emission line spectrum

A thin or low-density cloud of gas emits light only at specific wavelengths that depend on its composition and temperature, producing a spectrum with bright emission lines. Jumping from higher energy to lower energy

Continuous spectrum

A cloud of gas between us and a light bulb can absorb light of a specific wavelength, leaving dark absorption lines in the spectrum. Photon jumps from lower to higher energy

Absorption line spectrum

a spectrum of (incandescent) light bulbs spans all wavelengths 

The doppler effect

Things get louder the closer you are, and quieter the further they are

Waxing crescent phase

A thin crescent appears

Firat quarter phase

Half of the moon is visible; rises around noon and sets around midnight

Waxing Gibbous phase

When more than half of the moon is illuminated

Solar eclipse

The sun is at least partially covered by the moon

Lunar Eclipse

When the moon passes into the shadow of the Earth

Photon

A self contained packet of electromagnetic energy

Inverse square law

The apparent brightness of a source gets weaker with distance

Gamma rays

The shortest wavelength; 7.1 nanometers

X rays

the second shortest wavelength, able to penetrate body tissues.

Ultraviolet

Also called black light; blocked by the ozone layer and causes sunburns and cancer

Visible light

The waves that humans can visibly perceive

Infrared

Heat radiation: a continuous spectrum Absorbed by water and carbon dioxide molecules

Microwave

Short wave communication; Absorbed by water vapor

Radiowave

Waves that can travel long distances; ideal for wireless communication

Blackbody

AN object that does not scatter radiation but absorbs all the electromagnetic energy that falls onto it

Wien’s law

The wavelength of light emitted by an object is inversely proportional to the object's temperature

DIspersion

The separation of light colors or the variation of velocities among objects

Atomic mass number

Number of protons and neutrons

Upward jump

Electron gains energy

Downward jump

Electron loses energy

Ground state

An atom’s lowest point of possible energy

Excited state

Atom absorbs energy and is moved to a higher energy level

Ionization

If enough energy is absorbed, the electron can be completely removed from the atom