WHAP Period 2

c. 1450-1750

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan known for conquering Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire.

Suleiman I

Ottoman Empire, ruling from 1520 to 1566, known for significant expansion and legal reforms which blended administrative rule and modernized the governance of the Empire

Known for the Golden Age of Islam.

Significant patron of the arts which led to advances in architecture and literature

Expanded territory of Ottoman Empire into Europe and North Africa.

Ottoman Harem

The harem was a domestic space reserved for the women of the Sultan, including wives, concubines, and female relatives.

The harem played a significant role in the political and social aspects of the Ottoman court, as women could influence from behind the scences.

Ottoman Religious Tolerance

The Ottoman Empire practiced a degree of religious tolerance by allowing various religious communities to govern themselves under their own laws, known as millets, while maintaining overall loyalty to the Sultan.

Jews in Ottoman Empire

A religious minority within the Ottoman Empire who were granted millet status, allowing them to practice their faith freely and maintain their own legal structures.
They had to pay the jizya tax like other religious minorities.

Ottoman Millet System

A system that allowed various religious communities within the Ottoman Empire to govern themselves according to their own laws, fostering a degree of religious tolerance while ensuring loyalty to the Sultan.

Safavid Religious Tolerance

The Safavid Empire had a more restrictive approach to religious tolerance, primarily promoting Shia Islam and often persecuting Sunni Muslims and other religious minorities.

Akbar the Great

Progressive ruler of the Mughal Empire who was a descendant of Babur.
Under Akbar, the Mughal empire flourished and militarized.
He implemented policies of religious tolerance and integrated diverse communities.
He tried to promote a religion known as Din-i Ilahi, seeking to blend elements of various faiths.
Shown in architectural syncretism.
Centralized bureaucracy through administrative reforms.

Zamindars

Land revenue collectors in Mughal India, often of local aristocracy, who played a crucial role in administering the empire's agrarian economy and local governance.

Protestant Reformation

Led by Martin Luther and sparked by his 95 theses, which called out things like
indulgences, simony, and corruption within the church. Led to the establishment of Protestant denominations and significant changes in Christianity.

Counter Reformation

the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and reaffirming its doctrines. The Council of Trent addressed many of these issues, such as corruption, the sale of indulgences, and clerical education, while also clarifying Catholic beliefs and practices and cementing the scism.

Louis XIV

French Monarch known for his absolute rule. Shown through the construction of the Palace of Versailles, where advisors of the King would be housed, making sure they had nowhere else to congregate and/or rebel against the king.
“I am the state”

Ottoman Tax Farming

A system in which the right to collect taxes was given to bidders, and the tax collectors were allowed to collect extra to make a profit. System of bureaucracy in the Ottoman Empire and helped consolidate power and fund the Ottoman Empire.

Divine Right in Europe

This belief was prevalent in early modern Europe, supporting the idea that kings and queens were chosen by divine will.
Justified absolute rule and shut down opposition.

Aztec Legitimization

The methods used by the Aztec rulers to maintain and justify their power, including religious rituals, military conquests, and tribute systems.

Qing Dynasty Legitimization

The strategies employed by the Qing rulers to reinforce their authority, such as Confucian policies, military strength, and integration of local customs (in things such as imperial portraits).

Tax Collection in Ming Dynasty

Collected hard currency such as grains, and later silver. Collected by wealthy families.

Tributary

A system where neighboring states paid tribute to the Ming dynasty in exchange for protection and trade benefits, reinforcing the dynasty's influence and authority.
Was also present in the Aztec Empire
And the Songhai empire.

Aksia the Great of Songhai

The ruler who expanded the Songhai Empire to its greatest extent, promoted trade, and adopted Islam as a means to legitimize his reign and foster connections with the wider Muslim world.
SIMILAR to Mansa Musa of Mali.

St. Petersberg

Founded by Peter the Great during his rule. Legitimized his power and its architecture and city planning took inspiration from European styles, showcasing his Westernization efforts.

Consolidating Power in Japan

The process by which various Japanese damiyo, such as Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, unified and centralized authority, ending the feudal period and establishing a centralized government.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last feudal Japanese military government. Split into hans which were controlled by daimyo, but they were forced to have dual residence in Edo at all times, diminishing their power over their hans and reducing them to landlords basically.

Russian Expansion

Under Ivan the Terrible, Russia expanded into Siberia and took control of the Volga to expand trade of furs. Used Cossacks to conquer and settle new territories in Siberia.

Maritime Technology

Carracks - Large Portuguese ships that were armed and capable of long-distance sea voyages, facilitating exploration and trade.
Caravel - Light quick Portuguese ships.

Dutch Fluyts - Quick nimble ships with Lateen Sails (Triangle sails that could catch wind from all sides) which made exploration quick.

Lateen Sails - continuity from Arab Merchants ^
Magnetic Compass - shows direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles.

Astrolabe - a navigational instrument used to measure the altitude of stars and planets, helping sailors determine their latitude at sea.

King Ferdinand and Isabella

Sponsored Christopher Columbus's voyages to the New World.

Prince Henry the Navigator

A Portuguese prince sponsored numerous exploratory voyages along the African coast and promoted advancements in maritime technology.

Vasco De Gama

A Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach India by sea, establishing a direct maritime route from Europe to Asia. Claimed territory in India for Portugal.

Ferdinand Magellan

A Portuguese explorer known for leading the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe. His voyage claimed territory in Manila for Spain and made it a Spanish commercial area.
Because of this, many in the Philippines became Christian.

Galleons

Large sailing ships used by Spain for trade and warfare, especially during the Spanish colonial period.
Traded especially silver and especially with China.

French Exploration

Founded Quebec in North America, and found lots of furs and natural resources. They didn’t settle permanently.

English Exploration

John Cabot followed Christopher Columbus and established a efficient route to the Americas. Jamestown would follow as the first permanent English settlement.

Dutch Exploration

Henry Hudson to the east coast of America. There he found the Hudson River, and founded New Amsterdam.

Francisco Pizzaro

Conquered the Incan Empire with gunpowder weapons, even though they were already weakened from disease like smallpox.

Horses Brought from Eastern Hemisphere

Transformed Native American societies by enhancing mobility and hunting capabilities. They now had a surplus of food and more time for arts and spirituality, but also enhanced warfare between tribes.

Crops from West to East

crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, and cacao

significantly impacting diets and agriculture.

African Diaspora in the Americas

Creole languages developed along with new music such as gospel music and jazz.

Animals East > West

Horses, Pigs, Cattle, Sheep.

Caused overgrazing and soil erosion, along with spreading diseases from livestock and mosquitos.

Slave Trade African Nations

Kingdom of Dahomey and Oyo raided nearby nations to trade with European in exchange for weapons.
Kingdoms like Asante and Kongo traded with maritime empires which increased their influence and power.

British East India Company in India

Began a commercial reltionship with the Mughals.

Took advantage of Muslim v Hindu conflicts to create treaties with local rulers and gain control over trade and territory further inland.

Portuguese in the Indian Ocean

Had superior naval forces than natives and were able to create armed trading posts, however, merchants in the Indian Ocean trade continued as before, paying for the rights to use certain ports.

Spain in Americas

Created systems such as hacienda and encomienda system and would coerce natives into working for them.
Silver was abundant in the Americas, and the Spanish adopted the Incan mit’a system to force natives to work in the dangerous mines.

Capital

Accumulation of capital, or excess wealth that is available to create more wealth, was one of the main contributing factor to the Commercial Revolution

Commercial Revolution

Results from the development of European colonies
New trade routes
Population growth and inflation > Price Revolution
and increased amount of gold and silver in circulation.

Joint-Stock Companies

Offered stocks in companies, which were limited liability and allowed for the growth of the East India Companies. In the Netherlands and Britian

New Monopolies (Change and Continuity)

Monopolies granted certain merchants exclusive rights to trade. Such as how the Spanish government established a monopoly over tobacco in the Americas.
However, tradition artisan goods were still in high demand, such as tectiles from western europe and india and silk from China.

Ana Nzinga Resistance

Queen Ana Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba to resist Portuguese colonization in the 17th century. Her leadership involved strategic alliances and military tactics against the Portuguese.

Pueblo Revolt

Revolts against Spanish forced conversions by indigenous groups, driving them out for a short amoutnt of time, before Spain reconquered.

Maroon Wars

Conflicts between runaway slaves, or Maroons, and England’s colonization efforts. Led by Nanny, a former slave in Jamaica.

Mercantilism

A protective economic policy that emphasizes the role of the state in managing the economy, promoting exports, limiting imports to achieve a favorable balance of trade, and imposing high tarrifs.