Science Praxis 5005 Elementary Education

Plate tectonics

Movement of continents and changes in the Earth's crust caused by internal forces

Atmosphere

dry gas (nitrogen, oxygen, argon carbon dioxide), water vapor, solid particles

Troposphere

closest to Earth's surface (weather related activities)

Stratosphere

Very little water, ozone layer

Mesosphere

Coldest layer

Thermosphere

Layer extends upward into space

Mountains are caused by...

volcanic action or tectonic plate collisions

Folding

folding of rock layers, usually sedimentary rocks

Faulting

Fractures in Earth's crust because of tension

Volcanoes are...

the movement of magma through the crust and its emergence as lava onto the Earth's surface

Active, Dormant, Extinct, and volcanoes

currently/building up to an eruption, between eruptions but internal activity, and no longer erupting

Igneous rock formation

Intrusive: formed below Earth's surface. Extrusive: formed at Earth's surface

Sedimentary Rocks

created when fluid sediments are transformed into solid rocks. Cementation is when sediments are converted to sedimentary rocks

Igneous Rocks

classified according to their texture, composition, and the way they formed. Made from magma (molten Rock)

Metamorphic rocks

formed by high temperatures and great pressure. Process is called metamorphism.

Minerals

natural, nonliving solids with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure

Glaciers

bodies of ice that move over the land due to gravity.

Fossil

remains or trace of an ancient organism

Erosion

transportation of surface materials by another moveable material (water, wind, ice)

Deposition

AKA Sedimentation, process by which material from one area is slowly deposited into another area. result of matter being eroded.

Weathering

breaking down of rocks at or near the Earth's Surface

The several eras

precambrain (no life), paleozoic (continents and sea animals), Mesozoic (reptiles, new landforms), Cenozoic (ice age, mammals, humans evolving)

Stratigraphy

process of determining the age of rocks

Absolute Dating

the use of radioactivity to determine Earth's age

Planets

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

Mercury

Closest planet to the sun

Jupiter

Largest planet in the Solar System

Uranus

Third largest planet - gaseous planet

Pluto

dwarf planet

Sun: The Core

inner portion of the sun - fusion takes place

Sun: photosphere

surface of the sun, produces sunspots

Sun: chromosphere

Hydrogen gas causes this portion to be red

Sun: The corona

The transparent area of the sun visible only during a total eclipse.

Stars

a ball of hot, glowing gas that is hot enough and dense enough to trigger nuclear reactions.

How do astronomers measure the brightness of a star?

astronomers measure the brightness of a star by measuring its magnitude.

Constellations

groups or patterns of stars

Familiar constellations

Ursa Major (Big bear), Ursa Minor (Little Bear), Big Dipper, Little Dipper

Galaxies

Vast collections of stars. Earth's galaxy is the Milky Way

Pulsar

variable radio source that emits signals in short, regular bursts

Quasar

believed to be the active core of a very distant galaxy.

Black holes

light is trapped by the intense gravitational field.

White dwarf

dying core of a giant star

Meteorites

meteors that strike the Earth's surface

Oort Cloud

hypothetical spherical cloud surrounding our solar system.

Kuiper belt

name given to a vast population of small bodies orbiting the sun beyond neptune.

Big Bang Theory

the universe originated from a magnificent explosion spreading mass, matter, and energy into space. Galaxies formed from this material as it cooled

Lunar Phases

the changes in the appearance of the moon from the Earth

Phases of the Moon

New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, Waning Crescent.

Different types of tides

Neap tides and spring tides

prokaryotic cells

only bacteria and blue-green algae. No defined nucleus or nuclear membrane. thick cell wall.

Eukaryotic cells

fungi, plants, and animals. many parts to eukaryotic cells

Nucleus

brain of the cell. contains nuclear membrane, chromsomes

Ribosome

protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

allows for transport of materials in the cell. Smooth (no ribosomes) and rough (contains ribosomes)

Golgi apparatus

sorts, modifies, and packs molecules

Lysosomes

mainly animal cells. contain digestive enzymes

Mitochondria

supply energy to the cell

Found only in plant cells

plastids, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, cell wall

Spermatogenesis

creation of sperm cells

Oogenesis

production of egg cells

Mitosis

division of somatic cell, division is for cell growth and repair. leads to two cells

Meiosis

Division of sex cells, , provides genetic diversity, four cells created

Mitosis cycle

interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic division (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Meiosis cycle

(1&2) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Mutations

inheritable changes in DNA

Punnet Squares

used to show the possible ways that genes combine and shows probability of genes

Genotype

the genes the organism has (Bb, AA)

Phenotype

how trait is expressed. (Brown eyes, curly hair)

alleles

traits

Five Kingdoms of Living Organisms

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Ecology

study of organisms

Different Biomes

Marine, tropical, savanna, desert, temperate, taiga, tundra, polar

Succession

orderly process of replacing a community that has been damaged (primary life never existed before, secondary a disaster occurred)

Parasitism

parasite benefits from the relationship while the host is harmed

Commensalism

two occupy same place but neither harmed or benefit

mutualism

both species benefit

competition

two species in same habitat and eat same food

predation

animals eat other animals

Dependent Variables

the changes that occur from an experiment

independent variables

factors we change in an experiment

Matter

everything in our world is made up of matter

Mass

measure of the amount of matter in an object

Weight

measure of earth's pull of gravity on an object

Atom

smallest particle of an element that has properties

Element

substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

Molecule

smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently

Compound

made up of two or more elements that have been chemically combined

centripetal force

when an object moves in a circular path

Newtons Laws of Motion

1-object at rest will remain at rest unless. 2-F=ma. 3- every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Radiation

heat transfer due to electromagnetic waves

Laws of Thermodynamics

deal with rules of heat

Mitosis interphase

before mitosis begins - cell is growing and preparing for cell division

Mitosis prophase

nuclear membrane breaks apart and spindles pushed to opposite ends of cell

Mitosis metaphase

fibers attach to chromosomes, line up in center of the cell

mitosis anaphase

chromosomes pulled to the poles of the cell, with identical sets at either end

mitosis telophase

two nuclei with a full set of DNA identical to the parent cell. Two cells are created

Hydrosphere

all of the water on earth's surface, groundwater, and water in the atmosphere

Hydrology

study of water on earth

earthquakes

releases of energy in the earth's crust due to seismic waves

Ring of Fire

home to about 90% of earth's volcanoes