OCR B geography Paper 1

three characteristics of lowland areas in uk

landscape is flatter
formed from softer rocks
land uses quarrying and tourism

three characteristics of upland areas in uk

climate is cooler and wetter
land uses sheep farming and tourisum
formed of harder rocks which resist erosion

What is quaternary period

The most recent geological time period, spanning from about 2.6 million years ago to the present day.

suggest one limitation of using global temperature data to investigate past climate change

only short term temperature records exist

How has climate changed over the last 2.6 million years

Temperature shifted between cold glacial periods and warmer interglacial periods

What is different about the last 150 years

sharp rise in global temperature

describe how ice cores method works

ice sheets are made up of layers of ice
scientists drill into ice sheet to get long cores of ice
analyse the gases trapped in layers of ice to work out temperature in different years

describe how sea ice position method works

by observing the maximum and minimum extent of sea ice each year tell scientists can tell how ocean temperature are changing

describe how diaries and paintings can give evidence of climate change

They show how climate was like in the past and diaries show the dates of when rained and snowed

How does using ice cores to investigate past climate change reliable

data collected are very detailed and reliable as shows changes over last 400000 years

how does using sea ice position reliable

The Data is reliable but accurate records don't go back very far back

how does using diaries and paintings not reliable

they aren't reliable as they just give one persons point of view

What are sunspots?

are cooler areas of the suns surface that are visible as dark patches.They increase the suns output of energy

how does reduced solar output affect the earths temperature

lead to cooler temperatures in some parts of the world

What are Milankovitch cycles?

milankovitch cycles are variations in the way the earth moves round the sun stretching of the earths orbit of the sun from a circle to an ellipse and back again.

how milankovitch cycles contribute to natural climate change

affects the amount of solar radiation the earth receives if the earth receives more energy it heats up

why volcanic eruptions effect the climate

volcanic eruptions release large quantities of material in the atmosphere
some of the particles reflect the suns ray back to space cooling earth surface

What is the greenhouse effect?

is the process where gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun keeping the earth warm

Name human actives that contribute to greenhouse gas effect

farming
burning fossil fuels
cement production
deforestation

how does farming contribute to greenhouse gas effect

farming livestock produces methane
this contributes by making green house gas effect stronger

how does burning fossil fuel contribute to greenhouse gas effect

CO2 is released when burning fossil fuels
this contributes by making greenhouse gas effect stronger

one way that rising sea temperature might affect organism that live in oceans

cause species to move to higher latitudes or decline

effects of climate change on uk climate (environmental impact)

temperature increase
winter rainfall increase
summer rainfall decrease

Effects of climate change on uk sea level (environmental impacts)

sea level rise by 12-76cm by 2095
lead to loss of habitats

Effects of climate change on uk tourism (economic impact)

warmer weather boost tourism
however decline in areas such as skiing resorts

Effects of climate change on agriculture (economic impact)

temperature increase and longer growing seasons
however reduce rainfall and droughts

Effects of climate change on health (social impact)

deaths from cold related illness may decrease
however heat related illness may increase

Effects of climate on floods (social impact)

flooding from increased rainfall and sea level rise damage homes and businesses

What is a landscape?

is all visible features of an area of land

what are natural landscape

a landscape with more physical features

example of natural landscape

mountains
forest

what are built landscape

landscape with more visible human features

example of built landscape

town
city

Where are the upland areas in the UK?

north and west uk

where are glaciated landscapes in the uk

north west of uk

Describe distribution of glaciated landscapes in uk

landscapes formed by glacial meltwater
ice is very powerful and can erode

Name a type of mechanical weathering

Freeze thaw weathering

what is mechanical weathering

the breakdown of of rock without changing its chemical composition

what type of mechanical weathering affects landscapes of uk

freeze thaw weathering

When does freeze thaw weathering occur?

when temperature is below 0
water gets into rock that has cracks

What is salt weathering?

process caused by the build up of salt crystals deposited in cracks by waves

what is chemical weathering

the breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

What is carbonation weathering?

a type of chemical weathering that happens in warm and wet conditions

what is biological weathering

breakdown of rocks by living things

What does ecosystem mean?

a unit that includes all living and non living parts in an area

Name two greenhouse gases

carbon dioxide and methane

how does deforestation contribute to greenhouse gas effect

co2 is released into atmosphere when trees burnt
plants removes co2

environmental impacts on global effects of climate change

sea ice shrinking leading to loss of polar habitats
some habitats being destroyed due to climate change
warmer weathers causing glaciers to shrink and ice sheets to melt

economic impacts on global effects of climate change

more money spent to predict extreme weathers
more money spent to reducing their impacts and rebuilding them
water shortages might be affected

social impacts on global effects of climate change

increase threat of wildfires damaging homes and people lives at risk
lower crop yield increase ill health and death from starvation

Where are the lowland areas in the UK?

south and east uk

What is mass movement?

shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope

name four process of erosion

hydraulic action
abrasion
attrition
solution

What is a solution?

is when river and sea water are slightly acidic and acid reacts with some rocks dissolving them

What is abrasion?

when particles scrape against rocks removing small pieces

what is attrition

when particles smash into each other in water and break them up into small fragments

What is hydraulic action?

when waves crash against cliffs compressing air in the cracks of the rocks

name process of transportation

traction suspension saltation solution

What is depostion?

when material being carried by a river or the sea is dropped because the water carrying it slows down

what is transportation

the movement of eroded material

two factors that increase the amount of material deposited on coast

lots of erosion elsewhere on coast
and when lots of material is transported into an area

three conditions which increase the amount of deposition ocurring in a river

increase when the volume of water decreases the amount of eroded material in water increases or the water becomes shallower

which transports the small material like clay-saltation or suspension
describe how both processes transport material in a river

suspension is when small particles are carried along water whilst saltation is when pebbled size particles bounce along river bed.Suspension transport smaller material than saltation

What is a river basin?

is an area of land drained by a river

which course of a river are v shaped valleys found

upper course

is erosion in v-shaped valley vertical or lateral why

vertical because river doesn't have enough energy to erode laterally

What is a floodplain?

is the wide valley floor on either side of a river that sometimes gets flooded

explain how floodplains build up overtime

bulit up due to flooding leading to eroded material being deposited on floodplain and because deposition happens on slip off slopes of meanders

what does interdependence mean in an ecosystem

that some parts of the ecosystem depends on other parts to survive

Two abiotic features of an ecosystem

soil and climate

two biotic factors of an ecosystem

plants and animals

what is a producer

An organism that makes its own food

what is a producer

An organism that makes its own energy using sunlight.

What is a consumer?

An organism that eats other organisms

What is a decomposer?

organism that gets its energy by breaking down dead material

describe where in the world coral reefs are usually found

found 30 north and south of the equator a few miles off the coast

describe global distribution of tropical and temperate forest ecosystem

tropical rainforest are found around the equator between the tropics.Temperate forests are mainly found in mid-latitudes between the tropics and polar region

describe climate of polar ecosystem

temperature are less than 10
winters are below -40
rainfall is low no more than 500mm a year

describe animals of polar ecosystem

polar bear penguins and whales

describe plants of polar ecosystem

very few plants
plants grow slowly and don't grow tall

describe climate of hot desert

little rainfall less than 250 mm per year
temperature hot 45

describe plants of hot desert

plants growth sparse due ti lack of rainfall
plants roots are very long

describe animals of hot desert

animals; lizards snakes insects

give ways in which felled hardwoods are used

used to make furniture

two negatives impact on tourists visiting tropical rainforest (human activities on rainforest)

tourist scare wildlife
damage vegetation

describe ways that mineral extraction could impact the rainforest (human activities on rainforest)

toxic chemicals to be washed into streams and rivers which can kill wildlife

conflict with local people fighting over land

negatives impacts on logging

soil erosion
increase risk on wildfires

negative impact on agriculture

1.burning fossil fuels releases co2 into atmosphere
2.fertilisers added to improve fertility washed into streams threatening wildlife

describe climate arctic

at summer temperature less than 10 c
at winter temperature -20 to-40

how is climate in antarctic

summer temperature -20 to -5
winter -90

impacts of tourism in polar ecosystem

1.litter and waste disposal damage habitats
2.shipping and air travel leads to water and air pollution

impacts of fishing in polar ecosystem

reduce fish population