PSYCH 2NF3 Final Exam

7 cancers that alcohol can cause are:

7 cancers that alcohol can cause

• Mouth

• Throat

• Voicebox

• Esophagus

• Liver

• Breast

• Colon

Main 2 cancers alcohol can cause

Breast and colon

How many drinks to get a stroke

7 or more

Prospective vs Retrospective study

Prospective (longitudinal): a study done over an individuals lifetime

Retrospective: looks at data that has already been collected for other reasons

A 2017 Study was done looking at the connection between alcohol and death, what was their method and finding?

Method: collecting surveys and looking at national detah index

Findings: when graphing drinks per week vs death value, the found drinking 0-10 drinks/week might be benificial

What did a 2019 study by 90+ find?

The 90+ found people who drank a moderate amount of coffee and alcohol lived longer than those who completely abstained

What did the Lancet find in their 2018 study?

The Lancet found it was better to abstain from drinking completely to live longer. They reviewed many past/present studies and alcohol to death/disability gained.

What is considered binge drinking?

5+ drinks at once, and 12 different sessions of that in a year

which age range sees binge dirnking most?

18 to 24 y/o

Types of alcohols and their uses

• Methyl: used in fiel and industrial solvents

• Ethyl: drank in alcohol

• Isopropyl: used in disinfectants

How is alcohol absorbed throughout the digestive system?

• Stomach: 10%

• Small intestine: majority

• Blood stream: takes the remainder

Where is alcohol metabolized and was is the metabolism rate?

Live - 15mg/dL/hour

What happens if the liver is given more than 15mg/dL?

alcohol travels to the bloodstream then the brain

Factors that effect intoxication

• Time period of alcohol consumption

• Was food eaten prior?

• Other stimulants taken?

• How often does the individual dirnk in general

• Size/weight/height of the idividual

• Where are they drinking?

How many drinks can a male and female have per week?

Male: 15 per week

Female 10 per weeek

How many drinks can male and female have per day?

Male can have 3 max per day,

Females can have 2 drinks max per day

How long does it take blood to circulate through the body

90 seconds

What is ADH and which form is found in indv. w/ XY chromosomes

• ADH = alcohol dehydrogenase, and is the enzyme in the stomach and liver that breaks alcohol down

• ADH1B is found in a greater quantity in XY indv. than XX indv. And increases their alcohol tolerance

Upregulation vs Downregulation

• Upregulation: increasing number of receptors or sensitivity of receptors to a ligand

• Downregulation: decreasing the number of receptors or its sensitivity to ligands

Agonist vs antagonist

• Agonist: molecule that activates the receptor

• Antagonist: molecule that blocks/decreases binding ability of a receptor

Excitatory vs inhibitory

• Excitatory: neurotransmitter that increases chances of action potential

• Inhibitory: neurotransmitter that decreases the chance of an action potential

What is and causes depolarization?

excitation of nt’s leads to depolarization. Depolarization is when electrical potentials decrease across the membrane (interior of cell becomes more positive as Na+ enters the cell

What is and causes hyperpolarization?

inhibition of nt’s leads to hyperpolarization which is when electrical potentials increase across a membrane (interior of cell becomes more negative as Cl- enters)

What is neuroadaptation?

changes in the NS after repeated stimulation

Acute vs Chronic

acute = acts immediately

chronic: ongoing

Products made at each stage of alcohol metabolism in order?

Ethanol -> Acetyl aldehyde → Acetic Acid → CO2

What are the enzymes that aid metabolism in order?

ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) → ALDH (acetyl aldehyde dehyodrogenase) → Oxidation

3 genotypes of ALDH and symptoms

Homozygous active = all good

Hetrozygeous = mild flush and headaches

Homozygous inactive = great amount of flushing, nausea, headaches, and increased heart rate

What and where is the postrema?

Postrema is locate don dorsal surface of medulla oblangata near the 4th ventricle and is a chemoreceptor that induces vomiting

What is the main study discussed in lecture about rats and alcohol?

Rats were more willing to voluntarily consume alcohol if you gave them jello shots (sweeteneed)

What difference is seen in brain images of alcoholics compared to non-drinkers?

white matter = fatty tissue of axons.

Less white matter is seen as membrane degrades and myelin is lost. The ventricles seem to grow as corpus callosum tissue dies. Frontal lobe is most affected

How is alcohol made

yeast + sugar = 2 alcohol mol. + 2CO2

that alcohol is fermented until the yeast dies, menaing it has reached 15% ethanol

How does liver break methyl alcohol if consumed and what is the result?

liver breaks methyl into formic acid and formic aldehyde resulting in coma, bindness, and death if drank

What kinds of yeast are used for bear and sake

rice yeast = sake

grain yeast = beer

What are the 2 ways to increase alcohol content of existing alcohol?

1. Distilling: heating the fermented mix until alcohol is steam ( steam passes stills aka cooling tubes then condenses to hard liquor)

2. Add more alcohol (sherry wine is an example of fortified alcohol)

What is proofing and where did it come from?

pouring alcohol on gun powder then lighting it showed alcohol percentage (50% or more would light)

Today the “proof” is equal to conc’n of alcohol x2

What is bioavailability

How much alcohol can freely enter the brain from blood stream

Is ethanol lipid soluble?

No

What does BAC stand for and what is threshold?

BAC = Blood Alcohol Concentration

BAC of 0.04% = 40mg of alcohol/100mL of blood is threshold

How does alcohol move through the system (diffusion type)?

passive diffusion

How do you slow alcohol movement and how do you increase the process?

Milk slows travel to small intestine while carbonating alcohol increases speed due to carbon

What inhibits ADH

Aspirin and ulcer meds (Tagamet or zantac)

What are some effects of alcohol on women and why are they more affected?

Women may black out and have increased memory impairment, with decreased thiamine tetrogenic effects of pregnancy seen, lead affects the fetus

Aside from the lower levels of ADH1B, they

• are smaller in size

• have a higher fat:water ratio

• estrogen plays a role in inflammatory process of liver damage

• sensitive to acetyl induced depression

What other enzyme breaks alcohol along with other drugs in the liver?

Within the Cytochrome P450 Family is the CYP 2E1 enzyme which metabolizes many drugs along with alcohol

Other name for CYP 2E1

MEOS = Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System

What is induction in the context of CYP 2E1

CYP 2E1 increases in numbers with regular long term drinking.

Side note: this increase the metabolic speed

What is cross-tolerance?

Tolerance to other drugs with alcohol (especially hypnotic drugs such as benzodiazepines)

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome explain symptoms and cause

symptoms:

• confusion

• disorientation

• tremors/poor coordination

• ataxia

• memory disorders

Alcohol consumption leads to poor diets and absorption of thiamine (Vitamin B) which leads to decrease un brain glucose metabolism.

Overall see a bilateral cell loss in medial thalamus and mamilary bodie sof hypothalamus

Importance of Thiamine?

big dose of it can help stop the degeneration of brain cells but not reverse the alcohol effects

What’s vasodilation?

when peripheral blood vessels dilate, bringing them to the surface of the skin causing idnividuals to look flushed and feel warm.

Believed to possibly help wiht cognition as dementia with poor O2 supply occurred 50% more in non-drinkers than drinkers

What have some studies showed with low to moderate drinking?

Decreased heart risk

Increased good cholesterol in the blood

reduced clots and strokes

What has alcoholism showed in terms of blood floow

• increased blood pressure

• inflamation

• stroke

• enlarged heart muscles

• Renal Urinary System: produces more diluted urine

What are the 4 main categories of brain imaging?

Electrical Recordings

• Single Cell Recording

• ERP = event related potential

• EEG = electroencephalography recording

• MEG = magnetoencephalography recording

Brain Stimulation

• DBS = deep brain stimulation

• TMS = Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Structural Imaging

• X-Ray

• CT = Computed Tomography

• MRI = Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Dynamic Imaging

• fMRI = Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• PET = Positron Emission Tomography

• MRS = Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

• DTI = Diffusion Tenor Image

What are Electrical Recordings we disscused

Single Cell

ERP = event related potential

EEG = electroencephalography

MEG = magnetoencephalography