HBS Unit 3: Vocab Terms

Homeostasis

The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the Ph of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions.

Macromolecules

A very large molecule ( as of a protein,nucleic acid,or carbohydrate) built up from smaller chemical structures

Resource

A natural feature or phenomenon that enhances the quality of human life

Adenosine Triphosphate

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate the releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in the cell.

Anabolism

Synthetic, energy-requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

The rate at which heat is given off by an organism at complete rest

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure of body fat that is the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in meters

Bolus

A soft mass of chewed food

Calorie

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.

Catabolism

Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simple ones, with the net release of energy

Catalyst

A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed under different conditions (as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible

Digestion

The process of making food absorbable by mechanically and enzymatically breaking it down into simpler chemical compounds in the alimentary canal

Digestive system

The bodily system concerned with the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food.

Enzyme

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reation

Esophagus

A muscular tube that in adult humans is about in inches (23 ccentimeters) long and passes from the pharynx down the neck between the trachea and the spinal column and behind the left brinchus where it pierces the diaphragm slightly to the left of the middle line and joins the cardiac end of the stomach

Gallbladder

A membranous muscular sac in which bile from the liver is stored

Gastrointestinal tract

The stomach and intestine as a functional unit

Large intestine

The more terminal division of the vertebrate intestine that is wider and shorter than the small intestine,typically divided into cecum,colon, and rectum, and concerned especially with the resorption of water and the formation of feces

Liver

The largest internal organ in the vertebrate body; performs diverse functions such as producing bile,preparing nitrogenous wastes for disposal, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood

Metabolism

The totality of an organism's chemical reations, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways

Monomer

a molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer

Oral cavity

The part of the mouth behind the gums and teeth that is bounded above by the hard and soft palates and below b the tongue and by the mucous membrane connecting it with the inner part of the madible

Pancreas

A gland with dual functions: the nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood

Peristalis

Successive muscular contractions along the wall of a hollow muscular structure

Pharynx

An area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross

Polymer

A large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers

Salivary amylase

A salivary gland enzyme that hydrolyzes starch

Salivary glands

Exocrine glands associated with the oral cavity. The secretions of salivary gland contain substances to lubricate food, adhere together chewed pieces into a bolus the absorption of digested nutrients

Small intestine

The part of the intestine that lies between the stomach and colon,consists of duodenum,jejunum, and ileum,secretes digestive enzymes, and is the chief site of the absorption of digested nutrients

Stomach

A saclike expansion of the alimentary canal of a vertebrate communicating anteriorly with the esophagus and posteriorly with the duodenum and being typically a simple often curved sac with an outer serous coat, a strong complex muscular wall that contacts rhythmically, and a mucous lining membrane that contains gastric glands

Substrate

A substance acted upon by an enzyme

Abdominal cavity

The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. It is separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.

Alveoli

Terminal air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs

Bronchi

Pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs

Diaphragm

A sheet of muscle tha forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lugs

Intercostal muscles

Muscle located between the ribs

Minute Volume (MV)

The volume of air breathed in one minute without conscious effort. Minute volume = Tidal Volume x ( breaths /minute)

Residual Volume (RV)

The volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum echalation

Resume

The brief written account of personal,educational,and professional qualifications and experience, as the prepared by an applicant for a job

Spirometer

An instrument for measuring the air entering and leavig the lungs

Thoracic cavity

Th body cavity in mammals that houses the lungs and heart. It is surrounded in part by the ribs and separated from the lower abdominal cavity by the diaphragm

Tidal Volume (TV)

The volume of air breathed in ad out without conscious effort

Vital Capacity (VC)

The total volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation

Adrenal Glands

Hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of a medulla and a cortex

Alodsterone

steroid hormone produced by the outer section of adrenal cortex in adrenal gland, regulates blood pressure, regulates electrolytes in the body

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

decrease amount of urine excreted and increase water absorbed by the kidneys. Produced by the hypothalamus, secreted by the posterior pituitary

Excretion

The disposal of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism

Filtration

In the vertebrate kidney, the extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the blood by the nephrons

Glomerular Filtration

The first step in urine formation in which substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane and the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron

Glomerulus

A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney

Kidney

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in humans are bean-shaped organs about 4 1/2 inches (11 1/2 centimeters) long lying behind the peritoneum in a mas of fatty tissue and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted,colled,and discharged into the pelvis of the kidney whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder

Nephron

The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney

Ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder

Urethra

A tube that releases urine from the body near the vagina in females or through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system

Urinalysis

Chemical analysis of urine

Urinary Bladder

The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination

Urinary system

The organs of the urinary tract comprising the kidneys,ureters,urinary bladder, and urethra

Urine

Waste material that is secreted by the kidney, is rich in end products (as urea,uric acid, and creatinine) of protein metabolism together with salts and pigments, and forms a clear amber and usually slighty acid fluid