theo final

Muhammed

the historical founding father of Islam (Muslims view him as the last in a string of prophets from God); 570-632 AD; gets called in 610 AD at the age of 40; born in Mecca in the tribe of Quraysh

Khadija

wealthy woman; needs goods to be moved; hires Muhammed, sends relative -\> says he is a trustworthy guy; she proposes to Muhammed and becomes his first wife (her- 40, him 25); they have 6 kids (4 girls, 2 boys (both die))

Abu-Bakr

Muhammed's best friend, not related though

Ali

Muhammed's cousin

Hassan

One of the two sons of Ali; 2nd Imam recognized by Shi'a; steps out of way of power

Husayn

Son of Ali; 3rd Imam recognized by the Shi'a; killed in 680 after being ambushed by Yazid (his political rival and son of Muawiya)

al-Madhi

The twelfth and final Imam recognized by the Shi'a; ~800; Shi'a believe that he is in hiding and at the end of the world he will come back with Jesus; Sunni believe in him, but don't think he has come yet

Umar(Omar)

*2nd Caliph - not blood relative*

Uthman

(644-656); not related to Muhammed; responsible for compiling the Qur'an

Saladin

*(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem*

Muhammed ibn-Abdul al Wahhab

Founder of Wahhabism (very strict form of Islam)

Muhammed ibn-Saud

Founder of first Saudi state and dynasty in Saudi Arabia

Sayyid Qutb

*Emerged as the leading ideologue of radical Islamists, believed in Divine Sovereignty, essence of society should be to live by Islamic Law, ideology gave birth to violent, radical Islamic jihad groups, executed by the Nasser regime for his call to overthrow it*

Ayatollah Khomeini

People get behind him and he overtakes Shah Reza Pahlavi after coming out of hiding in France; led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran

Waraquah

Khadija's friend; Christian priest; says that voice Muhammed heard is Jabril (Angel Gabriel)

Muawiya

Uthman's relative; powerful governor in Seria; has power struggle with Ali because he believes that there isn't enough investigation into Uthman's assassination; father of Yazid

Yazid

Muawiya son and successor; *believed to have stolen the caliphate and not be a good Muslim*

islam

submission/surrender (to God)

muslim

a person who has submitted or surrendered to God and to the demand that human-beings behave towards one another with justice

Kab'ah

housed 360 idols; Quraysh controlled trade around here

al-lah(Allah)

the God

Quraysh

Muhammed's tribe; very wealthy tribe (though Muhammed was very poor; controlled the Ka'bah

el-Amin

the honest, trustworthy (name for Allah)

Mecca

Holy city of Islam

Ishmael

Son of Abraham and Hagar

Jerusalem

A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews; where Muhammed was taken when he saw the prophets of old

Dome of the Rock

*Muslim shrine containing the rock from which Mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac on the rock*

Mt. Hira

site of the cave where Muhammad received revelations from Jabril

Gabriel(Jabril)

Angel that revealed the Qur'an to Muhammed

ilm

knowledge

Medina(Yathrib)

city 200 miles north of Mecca that Muhammed goes to to be a mediator after his uncle and wife die and he is in danger of being killed; first Muslim community established here

Plain of Arafat

Plain where Muhammad gave his last Sermon, central area for the Hajj pilgramige.

Hijra

622; Muhammed's journey from Mecca to Yathrib

ummah

Muslim community of believers; first one established in Yathrib by Muhammed

jihad

struggle; or in a more limited sense- a holy war

ghaflah

forgetfulness; we easily forget everything we have is from God; pride

tawhid

*The oneness of Allah*

Qur'an(Koran)

revealed to Muhammed by Jabril; recitation- meant to be recited; exquisitely beautiful Arabic poetry, the unaltered Word of God; primary miracle in Islam

infidel

a person who is ungrateful; lost mindset that everything is from God

surah

The name for a chapter of the Qur'an

People of the Book

Muslims view the Torah and Bible as legitimate revelations from God, but these were corrupted/changed by human beings

Hadith

words and deeds of Muhammed; second in teaching to the Qur'an

sunnah

A collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that provides a model for Muslims to follow

Night Journey

Muhammed converses with prophets of old in Jerusalem (secondary miracle in Islam)

Five Pillars

confession of faith, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, pilgrimage

mosque

Place of worship for Muslims

fatwah

judgment of an Islamic scholar on a point of Islamic law

shahadah

Confession of Faith; "there is no God, but God and Muhammed is His prophet"

salah

Prayer; prostrated position (submission to God); happens five times per day; face towards Mecca during prayer

zakah

Almsgiving; Qur'an doesn't specify amount; has been decoded that it is customary to donate 2.5% of wealth each year to charity

sawm

Fasting

Ramadan

can't eat, drink, smoke , or have sex while sun is up; will rotate throughout the calendar year because they follow a lunar calendar (11 days shorter); commemorates Muhammed receiving verses of Qur'an

hajj

Pilgrimage (to Mecca); every Muslim that is physically and financially able should make the journey one time in their life

ihram

state of ritual purity- vow taken before Mecca; everyone wears a white garment

Dhu-al Hijja

certain time of year and month when the pilgrimage (Hajj) is made

sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad; Caliph doesn't have to be relative of Muhammed

Shi'a

A branch of Islam centered in Iran and Southern Iraq that believes that Caliphs should be blood relatives of Muhammed

caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government

Sufism

the mystical tradition in Islam

shaykh

leader of a Sufi order

imam

priest/ rabbi of a mosque

Imam

Historical leaders that are related to Muhammed; 12 according to Shi'a

hafiz

A Muslim who has memorized the Qur'an

minaret

*A distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship.*

muezzin

*the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day*

Wahhabism(Salafism)

Saudi Arabia; in 1932 becomes country; deal between Wahab and Sauid plays out and Wahab's religion becomes dominant religion; the very strict Muslim practice form of Islam has caused problems in recent years

sharia

*Islamic law; a combination of the Quran and the Hadith.*

jahiliyyah

age of ignorance; Arabian peninsula didn't understand monotheism-\> prior to Muhammed's revelation

Eid al Adha

sacrifice at the end of pilgrimage

Eid al Fitr

feast to commemorate Ramadan

1.8 billion

How many Muslims are there in the world?

Indonesia (230 million)

What country has the highest Muslim population, and how many do they have?

20%

What percentage of Muslims live in the Middle East?

Just under 4 million

How many Muslims are in the US?

Pride

The problem in Islam according to Prothero's Model

Submission/Surrender (to God)

The solution in Islam according to Prothero's Model

Five Pillars

The technique in Islam according to Prothero's Model

imam and shaykh

the exemplars in Islam according to Prothero's Model

Sufi

interested in the essence, not the form of a person; outward forms are an illusion; labels don't matter

Abu Talib

Muhammed's uncle who adopted Muhammed and protected him with his high power

Hanifs

believe in one God (Allah)

Supersessionism

new religion replaces/ is better than an old one (Islam-. Judaism/Christianity)

Day of Reckoning/Final Judgement

Qur'an is explicit in terms of rewards and punishment and meant to shake us from forgetfulness; not dissimilar to Christianity

False

Most Muslims live in the Middle East

False

The word Islam means peace

True

The founder of Islam is Muhammed

True

The technique in Islam is called the Five Pillars

False

The mystical tradition is Islam is called Kabbalah

False

The country with the largest number of Muslims is Pakistan

True

The problem in Islam is pride

True

An imam would be an exemplar in Islam

True

a follower of Islam is called a Muslim

True

Islam is the second largest religion in the world

False

Muhammed worked many miracles healing the sick and raising the dead

True

The word Qur'an means recitation

True

the Qur'an was revealed to Muhammed through the angel Gabriel (Jabril)

False

The Qur'an, like the Bible, was revealed over several centuries

True

Muslims believe that Christian and Jewish Scriptures come from God

False

Muslims, like Christians, attempt to translate their scripture int every language to get their message out to the world

True

Muslims believe in the Virgin Birth of Jesus