Microbiology: Chapter 4 Study Guide

Besides the presence of 70S ribosomes in chloroplasts and mitochondria, the presence of what other organic molecule is another similarity to bacteria?

Circular DNA

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic: unicellular/multicellular

E: both

P: unicellular

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic:

cell division

E: asexual (mitosis) sexual (meiosis)

P: asexual (binary fission)

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic: nucleus

E: yes

P: no

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic: ribosomes

E: 80s

P: 70S

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic: chromosomes

E: multiple linear chromosomes

P: single linear chromosome

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic: membrane bound organelles

E: yes

P: no

Why doesn't penicillin kill eukaryotic cells?

human cells do not contain peptidoglycan

mitosis

asexual process where the cell generates 2 identical offspring from 1 parent cell

meiosis

sexual process where one parent cell produces 4 gametes

What two eukaryotic organelles divide using a process similar to binary fission?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

endocytosis

requires ATP and it exports things into the cell

exocytosis

uses active transport and exports thing out of the cell

Are exocytosis and endocytosis active or passive

active

pinocytosis

cell drinking (endocytosis of liquids)

phagocytosis

cell eating (endocytosis of solids)

What is a phagocyte?

specialized immune system cells that eat things

Name four eukaryotic kingdoms

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Which eukaryotic kingdom does not hae organisms that possess cell wells?

Animalia and some Protista

Which eukaryotic kingdom has members such as arthropods, mosquitoes, and parasitic worms?

Animalia

Which eukaryotic kingdom has mmebers such as the causative agent of maleria and amoebic dysentery?

Protista

Name two phyla of parasitic helminths

Nematoda (roundworms) and Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

What is the only type of unicellular fungi?

yeast

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

obtain nutrients through dead plants and animals because they are saprobes

What are dimorphic fungi?

have both a yeast and mold form

bacterial spores

dormant forms of bacteria that are resistant to harsh conditions and can survive for long periods of time

fungal spores

are considered "reproductive" spores

diseases caused by fungi are

mycoses

vaginal yeast infections are mainly caused by which fungal genus?

protozoans

What is a dermatophyte?

a group of fungi that can cause skin, hair, and nail infections in humans and animals

What are two common names for tinea infections?

tinea uniquium and tinea pedis (athletes foot)

What characteristics is used to classify organisms in kingdom Protista?

-Unicellular, multicellular,or multinucleated masses

-Autotrophs or heterotrophs

-Asexual and sexual reproduction

-Cell wall or nocell wall.

Where are cell walls located compared to the organism's plasma membrane?

external to the plasma membrane

What are flagella?

long, tail like structures used for mobility

eukaryotic flagella motion

rotary (propeller)

prokaryotic flagella motion

wave-like (whips)

What are cilia?

shorter and more numerous on a cell than flagella

Do prokaryotes possess cilia?

no

What two areas within a cell are eukaryotic ribosomes located?

free in the cytoplasm or bound to the ER

Do eukaryotic cells possess 70S ribosomes as well as 80S ribosomes

can possess both

What are the two main functions of the cytoskeleton?

shapes cells and coordinates cell cargo movemnet

What is the main macromolecule housed in the nucleus?

DNA

What is the function of the RER?

protein synthesis

What structures make RER rough?

ribosomes on surface

What is the main function of the SER?

lipid production and detoxifying substances

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

The UPS center. modifies cellular proteins, builds and sorts lipids, and distrubutes the finished product

lysosome function

contain hydrolytic enymes that break down substances engulfed by the cell

peroxisome function

contains enzymes that break down fats and amino acids by oxidation and protect cells from toxis oxygen intermediates

What is the main function of the mitochondria?

Producing ATP

What is the relationshop between the number of mitochondria per cell and the activity level of the cell?

The number of mitochondria per cell differ, but active cells have more.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

allow cells to harvest energy from sunlight using light-collecting pigments