BIOS 3010 Quiz 1

Unilateral

one side

Bilateral

two sides

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

opposite side

Bone Functions:

protection, support, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production

articular cartilage

semi rigid connection tissue, function: caps bones in synovial joints (low friction, gliding surface), avascular (obtains nutrients by diffusion), proportion of skeleton changes with age

Compact bone functions:

strength, attachment for muscles, support, 80% weight

Spongy bone functions:

most skeletal volume, lightness & strong (trabeculae), bone marrow (blood cell production)

Epiphysis

end of bone, formed by primary ossification center

Diaphysis

shaft of bone, formed from first degree ossification center

Epiphysial plate

growth plates cartilaginous replaced by bone

Perichondrium

connective tissue surrounding cartilage

epicondyle

eminence superior to a condyle

line

linear elevation

malleous

rounded prominence

trochanter

large, blunt elevation

tubercle

small, raised eminence

tuberosity

large, rounded elevation

motor end plate

the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium.

t-tubule

narrow tubes that are continuous with the sarcolemma and extend into the sarcoplasm

Agonist

muscle primarily responsible for producing a movement

Fixator

provides stability at proximal attachemnt sites of limb during movemnt at distal segment

synergist

compliments action of prime mover

antagonist

opposes action of a prime mover, progressively relaxes as prime mover contracts

neuroglia (glial cells)

support, insulate 7 nourish neurons, non excitable

epinerium

surrounds entire nerve

Perineurium

surrounds nerve fasicle

endonerium

surrounds a single nerve fiber

tract

bundle of axons (nerve fibers)

exteroceptive

pain, temperature, touch, pressure, sends impulses to skeletal muscle

Proprioceptive

subconscious joint position, muscle & tendon tension, orientation

dematome

area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal nerve

myotome

muscle innervated by a spinal nerve

Dorsal column

ascending, light touch/pressure

spinothalamic

ascending, temperature & pain, spinal cord to thalamus

corticospinal

descending, motor movement, cortex to spinal cord

thoracolumbar

T1-L2, sympathetic

craniosacral

S2-S4, CN III, VII, IX, X, parasympathetic

oligodendrocytes

produce myelin for CNS

schwann cells

produce myelin for PNS

Tunica Adventitia (Externa)

most superficial vasculature layer, connective tissue

Tunica Media

middle layer vasulature, smooth muscle

Tunica Intima

most deep vasculature layer, endothelial lining

Lymphatic System Functions:

tissue drainage, transport of lipids, body defense (immune system transport & response)

Lymphatic plexuses

network of lymph vessels

lymphatic vessels

ducts for transport

lymph nodes

filter lymph

lymphocytes

immune cells (leukocyte) that reacts against foreign materials

Lymphoid organs

produce lymphocytes, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, myeloid tissue in bone marrow

Right Lymphatic Duct:

drains upper right quadrant (right side of head, neck, thorax, & limb), drains into right venous angle (conor of right subclavian & right internal jugular vein)

Thoracic Duct:

drains from remainder of body (left side and lower extremity), drains into left venous angle 9conor of left subclavian & left internal jugular vein)

Epithelial Tissue Function:

lining, transport (inslide & outside barrier), secretion, absorption

apical surface

sufrace facing the lumen or inside

basal surface

surfacing other tissues (basement membrane side)

gastroesophageal junction

junction where esophagus connects to stomach

Skin Functions:

protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis & strorage of Vitamin D

Collagen

structural protein/building block for connective tissue, produces tensile force

Areolar

contains fibroblasts, between things

Reticular

contain fibroblasts, kidneys, spleen, liver, framework

components of areolar tissue

Fibroblasts, Elastic Fibers, Collagen, Ground Substance

Types of Cartilage:

Elastic, Hyaline, Fibrocartilage

Elastic

chondrocytes, high level of chondrocytes, high level of elastic fibers, ears, nose, epiglottis

Hyaline

chondrocytes, medium chondrocytes, medium extracellular matrix, in between joints, trachial rings, costal cartilage

fibrocartilage

chondrocytes, low chondrocytes, high collagen fibers, pubic symphysis, intervertegral dics, meniscus

Neurocranium

bony case of brain

viserocranium

facial skeleton

Hypophysial Fossa

botton of sella turcica

Petrous Part

denses bone in body

Scalp:

skin (arteries, veins, lymphatics), connective tissue (vascularlized subQ layer, nerves), aponeurosis (spicranial aponeurosis, tendinous sheath - attachment for occipitofrontalis), loose connective tissue (allows movement of superficial layers), pericranium (dense connective tissue, forms external periosteum)

Ecchymosis

purple patches, blood into subcutaneous tissue of eyelids & surrounding area

leptomeninx

pia & arachnoid continuous (forms subarachnoid space)

Double Layered Dura Mater Folds:

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

Falx Cerebri

divides brain hemispheres

tentorium cerebelli

divides hemispheres & cerebellum

falx cerebelli

divides cerebellum (L & R)

Dural Venous Sinuses

endothelial lined spaces between periosteal & meningeal layers of dura mater that contain large veins that empty into sinuses (drain into internal jugular veins)

CSF Flow:

subarachnoid space, arachnoid granulations, arachnoid villi/granulations protrude into dural venous sinuses & transfer CSF to venous system

Dural Headaches

dura sensitive to pain, distention of scalp or meningeal vessels, removal of CSF (stimulation of sensory nerves in dura bec brain sags/arachnoid pulls away from dura)

Extradural hemorrhage

compress brain as blood mass increases in extradural space

subdural hemorrhage

creates space between dura & arachnoid

subarachnoid hemorrhage

extravasation (escape) of blood into subarachnoid space

Nose Function:

olfaction, respiration, filtration, humidification, reception & elimination

Structures within carotid sheath:

CN X, Internal jugular vein, internal carotoid/common carotid artery

Filiform Papillae

taste pore, fill in between

Fungiform Papillae

microvilli, larger circles in filiform

foliate papillae

gustatory cells, lateral lines on side

circumvallate papillae

basal epithelial cells, big circles

Brain:

hindbrain and forebrain

hindbrain:

brainstem and cerebellum

Brain stem:

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Forebrain:

cerebrum and diencephalon, lymbic system

cerebrum:

lobes

diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

limbic system

cingulate gyrus, amygdala, fornix, basal ganglia, mammillary bodies, hippocampus

Thalamus

relay center

hypothalamus

hormones, coordinates ANS & pituitary gland

Corpus Callosum

main nerve fiber path (axons), connects R & L hemispheres

Medullary Cavity

deep to the compact bone, where spongy bone & bone marrow is found

Nutrient Foramen

opening/hole in bone for blood supply