BIO 231 Ch. 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body

Physiology

The study of body function

Gross Anatomy

The study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye

Regional Anatomy

Structures in a single body region

Systemic Anatomy

Organs with related functions

Microscopic Anatomy

Tiny structures that cannot be viewed with the naked eye

Six Levels of Structural Organization (and definitions)

1. Chemical: atoms combine to form molecules

2. Cellular: molecules combine to create a cell

3. Tissue: similar cells combine to form tissue

4. Organ: different tissues combine to form organs

5. Organ System: different organs work together

6. Organismal: multiple organ systems

Organs in Dorsal Body Cavity

Brain and spinal cord

Organs in Ventral Body Cavity

Heart, lungs, intestines, kidneys

Organ in Cranial Cavity

Brain

Organs in Vertebral Canal (Cavity)

Heart and lungs

Organs in Pleural Cavity

Lungs

Organs in Pericardial Cavity

Heart

Organs in Abdominopelvic Cavity

Liver, stomach, kidneys, bladder, some reproductive organs, rectm

Organs in Abdominal Cavity

Liver, stomach, kidneys, small and large intestines

Pelvic Cavity

Bladder, some reproductive organs, rectm

Pleura (function and components)

Covers lungs

• Parietal pleura (outermost layer)

• Pleural cavity (serous fluid)

• Visceral pleura (innermost layer)

Pericardium (function and components)

Covers heart

• Parietal pericardium

• Pericardial cavity

• Visceral pericardium

Peritoneum (functions and components)

Covers abdominal viscera

• Parietal peritoneum

• Peritoneal cavity

• Visceral peritoneum