World History 2 - Quiz 2 (Notes pages 33-48) - Prof J----SUPREME INTERGALACTIC SPEEDRUN OF THE CENTURY THAT BECOMES CATASTROPHIC UNLESS WE STOP THE URANIUM GOLEMS FROM DISINTIGRATING THE INTERSTELLAR BEAM THAT IS HOLDING UP THE UNIVERSE BY THE STRANDS OF TIME

1910

The Fundamentals (series of articles) begins publication (later pub: Biola)

1914 - 1918

World War One (August 1914 through November 1918)

1917

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin

1918 (first option)

US forces arrive (in earnest, during the spring of 1918) to fight WWI

Also in 1918

Armistice signed on November 11th, ending WWI hostilities

- (Think: Your two ARMS next to each other look like the number eleven)

1918 - 1921

Russian Civil War, eventually won by the Communists

1922

Soviet Union begins (Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Transcaucasian Republics)

By 1928

Joseph Stalin assumes power in Russia (USSR)

1929 - 1939

The Great Depression (fyi: end date can be a matter of debate)

1934 - 1935

The Long March establishes Mao as leader of the Chinese Communist Party

Czar Nicholas II

- Last emperor of Russia

- Was later imprisoned & then murdered

Easter Rising

Armed insurrection in Dublin against British rule

"The Fundamentals"

Reasserted the authority of the Bible

Woodrow Wilson

The "Fourteen Points"

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE OUTBREAK

- German/British rivalry

- France wanted revenge & the return of the Alsace-Lorraine

- Conflict between Austria and the kingdom of Serbia (both nations despised each other)

German/British rivalry

- Germany embarked upon a great naval building program - Britain troubled

- (In all, the European balance of power was upset)

Austria aka

Austria-Hungary" (the Dual Monarchy) - terms often used interchangeably

After Bismarck's departure

The German treaty with Russia was allowed to lapse

Austria-Hungary had now humiliated Serbia twice

- Russia shared in these humiliations, for it failed to aid its small Slavic friend

- The ingredients for war between Austria and Serbia (which could draw in Germany and Russia) were present

IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF WW I - Archduke Franz Ferdinand

- Archduke's driver made a wrong turn, which put him near Gavrillo Princip (a pan-Slav fanatic)

- Princip took out a pistol and assassinated Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

Effects of the Alliance (between Austria and Germany)

- Austria had received a "blank check" communication from Germany

- Germany invaded neutral Belgium to attack France

Germany's Schlieffen Plan

Called for a major offensive to defeat France quickly, then DT would turn its full attention on Russia

Triple Entente and Central Powers

- Britain, France, and Russia

- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey (aka Ottoman Empire)

WORLD WAR ONE

In the upcoming slides :)

Total war

the entire society is mobilized for the war effort

Trench warfare

It characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial "Western Front" in France

GB's Blockade

Central Powers were hindered by it

British had a recruiting motto

"Sign up with your pals"

First Battle of Marne

- Retreating Germans dug in

- Set the pattern for trench warfare

Lusitania Sunk

- Ocean liner departed from pier 54 in NY

- Hit by a torpedo (off Irish coast)

Battle of the Somme River

Bloodiest day in British history

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW)

- DT pursues a bold policy

- Proves to be the key point for US intervention

Zimmermann Note

- Proposes that Mexico should ally with Germany

- It is published in US newspapers and inflames public opinion

Bolshevik Revolution

Vladimir Lenin & the communists take power in Russia

Wilson enunciates US war aims in his 14-Point Address

- A key principle: "self-determination"

- 1 specific goal: a League of Nations

Communist Russia signs its own peace treaty

With Germany

Kaiserschlacht

- "Emperor's battle"

- General Erich Ludendorff prepared for a decisive offensive before enough US forces could land in FR

Ludendorff told the Kaiser...

- Peace negotiations should be opened before the situation got worse (admitting that he didn't think they could win)

Meuse Argonne

US troops engaged

Armistice

- At the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month WWI ends

(- THINK ABOUT THE ARM SCENARIO I ALREADY MENTIONED!!!)

Stab in the Back Legend

- Traitors among the politicians sold out the frontline troops

(- Jews, commies, etc. - Beliefs fueled WWII)

Wilson's Tumultuous Reception

Made serious errors:

- Wilson failed to include EVEN ONE Republican senator in his delegation

- (Neglected the majority opposition party (Republicans))

Paris Peace Talks

- The victorious powers met at the palace of Versailles

- Wilson's idealism was not readily shared by the others

Treaty of Versailles Presented to Germany

Until Germany accepted the treaty, the blockade (including food) continued

US - The Treaty of Berlin

- War is formally concluded with Germany

- The US never ratifies the Treaty of Versailles and never joins the League of Nations

Armenian Genocide

- Turkish govt. ordered the deportation of c. 1.8 M Armenians to Syria/Mesopotamia (exile)

- In the forced exodus, Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police

INTER-WAR YEARS

From now onnnnnnn

Kremlin

Citadel in Moscow, center of administration of the Russian (formerly Soviet) government

Long March

- 6,000-mile trek of Chinese Communists

- Mao Tse-Tung and survivors arrived in Northern China

Mandate

A form of international trusteeship devised by the League of Nations

Self-determination

Wilson listed self-determination as an important objective for the post-war world

Soviet

Workers' and/or soldiers' council

Vatican City

An independent state

Versailles settlement

- The Treaty of Versailles (never woulda guessed...)

- After WWI, four empires essentially crumbled: Russian, Austro-Hungarian, German, & Ottoman

The League of Nations

- The league proved powerless

- Replaced by the UN after WWII

Versailles' ramifications for Germany

- Territory in the East given to Poland - Polish corridor

- Military: as a buffer against further aggression, the Rhineland was demilitarized (border FR & DT)

- DT responsible for reparations (compensation)

- "Scrap of paper" mentality

WORLDWIDE INFLUENZA PANDEMIC

- Aka: The Spanish flu pandemic

- DEF: an epidemic over a large area

- 25 million (maybe 40M) died

Middle East

- MANDATE

- Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland in Palestine

India

Mohandas Gandhi:

- Opposed British rule

- Led the 1930 Salt March

China

Mao Tse-Tung kept the Chinese Communist Party alive with its Long March to the north

Latin America

Effects of the Great Depression were devastating for the region

RUSSIA BEFORE THE REVOLUTIONS

Lets get into iiiiittttt

Russia

- About 1/6th of the world's land surface - an adverse climate - a diverse population

- Duma (Parliament) - little power, Czar could dismiss it

Bolsheviks

- Followers of Vladimir Lenin ("majority")

- Confirmed atheists

- Bolsheviks changed their name to Communista

Vladimir Lenin comrades

Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin

Hardships/losses during WWI led to widespread discontent

- Strikes/riots in Petrograd

- Czar Nicholas abdicated

German govt. allowed Lenin transport from Switzerland (exiled there) to Petrograd

He simplified Bolshevik ideology calling for "Peace, Land, Bread"

Trotsky convinced the Petrograd Soviet to stage a coup

Soviets declared Lenin to be the head of government, but all power was to be held by the soviets

Under Trotsky's leadership

Red Army is created

Russian Civil War

- "Reds" vs. non-communist "Whites"

- Czar Nicholas and his family were murdered

- Trotsky's Red Army won

War Communism

The state limited private ownership

New Economic Policy (NEP)

- Govt. had control of finance, industry, transportation

- Allowed the remainder of the economic system to return to private enterprise

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established

Aka USSR, CCCP, the Soviet Union

REGIME OF JOSEPH STALIN

Yikes...

Stalin

- Aka - "Man of Steel"

- The undisputed leader of the Soviet Union

- Soviet propaganda would create a "cult of Stalin" that approached deification

Stalins industrialization

Five-Year Plans for industry development

Kulaks

well-to-do peasants

Stalins Purges

- Paranoid about threats

(- He'd kill anyone with any status)

Soviets signed what with Hitler?

A non-aggression pact

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

So sad :((((

On-Margin

You paid a percentage of the stock's value up front & financed the rest

The Market Crash

- "Black Tuesday"

- Panic selling widespread

- "Bull" (upward) market had turned absolutely "Bearish" (downward)

- "The Crash" alone did not cause the Depression

Causes of the Great Depression

- Lack of industrial diversification

- An overexpansion of credit

Results of the Great Depression

- Manufacturers/merchants REDUCE prices

- Consumer spending: engine of the US economy

- Banks failed - 5K close in the first 3 years of the Depression

- American farmers were hurt significantly by foreclosure and drought

RESPONSES TO THE DEPRESSION

FDR & THE NEW DEAL

FDR pledged a "New Deal" for the American people

FDR wins a landslide victory, the Democrats control both houses of Congress

The New Deal

- Umbrella label for a wide range of programs to offer relief & stimulate the economy

- Bold experimentation

- Heavy federal government intervention

"Bank Holiday"

FDR announces a "Bank Holiday" (closure)

Fireside chats

FDR would use radio to talk with the American people

"Hundred Days"

FDR summons Congress into special session for, you guessed it, a hundred days

Hitlers Rearmament project

Hitler had a work-creation/rearmament project that largely eradicated DT unemployment by 1936

Great Depression effect on Japan

Strengthened militarist groups

What DIDN'T "cure" the Depression

The New Deal - though it introduced much-needed reform & did somewhat stabilize the economy

What DID "cure" the Depression

Heavy defense-related spending connected to WWII

(BUYING WAR BONDS)