I will pass exam 1 bio 2

taxonomy

Domain

King

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Synapomorphy

Shared, identical characteristic used to support evolutionary relationships

phylogenetic trees are

Hypotheses that can be tested

Symplesiomorphy

An ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa

Branches

Node

Tip

Root

Polytomy

Outgroup

Be able to interpret this

The cladistic approach to infer phylogenies

Wili Hennig in 1960s

Reconstructs relationship among species by identifying synapomorphies

And convergent groups

Monophyletic

Valid

One complete family

Paraphyletic

Invalid

Polyphyletic

Invalid

Molecular homologies

True match

Similar sequence but different due to insertions and deletions in dna

Molecular homologies

Coincidental match

Analogous species that have similar DNA sequences that evolved independently in two species (due to convergent evolution)

Reversal

Loss of traits in population

Homoplasy

Traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry

Parsimony

Adopting the simplest explanation that is consistent with facts

Domains of life

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

Small 0.2 -2.0 um

Flagella consist of two protein building blocks

Glycocalyx present in capsule slime layer

Cell wall usually present, peptidoglycan( bacteria)

Ribosomes 70s

usually one circular chromosome

Binary fission cell division

No sexual recombination but genetic exchange can occur

Eukaryotic cells

Large 10-100um

Nuclear membrane and nucleoli

Membrane enclosed organelles present

Consist of multiple microtubules (flagella)

Glycocalx present in some cells that lack cell wall

Cell wall chemically simple when present ( cellulose and chitin)

Plasma membrane sterols and carbs serve as receptors

Cytoplasmic streaming and cytoskeleton

Larger 80s smaller 70s in organelles

Multiple linear chromosomes

Cell division involves mitosis

Sexual recombination meiosis

Capsule

Sticky outer layer of polysaccharides that enables bacteria to stick to substrate or other individuals in colony

Endospore

Structure consisting of copy of bacterium’s chromosome

Resistant to hostile conditions

Prokaryotic fimbriae

Adhere to just tissue (tiny hair stuff)

Pilli

Longer than fimbrae adheres to another bacterium during DNA transfer

Prokaryotic asexual reproduction

binary fission

DNA replicates and then cell divides into two separate cells

Transformation

DNA of prokaryotic cells altered by uptake of foreign dna from its surrounding

Transduction

Bacteriophages (viruses) transfer dna from one host to another

Recipient cell

Incorporates new genetic material into recipient cell dna crating more recombinant cells

Conjugation

DNA transformed between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined together

coccus

Circular

Bacillus

Pill

Helical - spirillium

Squiggles

Filamentous

It’s in the name lol

Gram positive

Violet

Cell wall

Pep

Plasma

The pep traps crystal violet

Gram negative

Red

Cell wall

Outer membrane

Pep

Plasma

Crystal violet rinsed away reveals red dye

Obligate aerobes

Must use oxygen for cellular respiration

Obligate anaerobe

Killed by oxygen and live by fermentation

Facultative anaerobes

Use oxygen is present but can survive by fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Phototrophic

Energy by light

Chemotrophs

Energy from inorganic compounds

Autotrophic

Need only co2 or related compound for carbon source

Heterotrophic

Require at least one organic compound to make organic molecules

Clades of bacteria

Proteobacteria

chlamydia

Spirochetes

Cyanobacteria

Gram + bacteria

Proteobacteria

E. coli

Bacillus

Negative

Chemoheterotroph

Faculative

Salmonella

Bacillus

Negative

Chemoheterotrophs

Faculative

Causes food poisoning

Chlamydia trachomatis

coccus

Negative

Parasitic hetetrophs

Uncertain oxygen required

Caused blindness And most STDs in us

Spirochetes

Trepodema pallidum

Helical

Negative

Chemo

Anaerobic but oxygen tolerant

Causes syphilis

Gram positive bacteria

Borrelia burgdorferi

Helical

Negative

Chemo

Aerobic but low oxygen requirement

Lyme disease

Gram positive

Clostridium tetani

Bacillus

Positive

Chemo

Obligate anaerobe

Causes lockjaw and tetanus

Streptococcus

Coccus

Positive

Chemo

Anaerobic but oxygen tolerant

Strep

Staphylococcus

Coccus

Positive

Chemo

Faculative

Food poisoning and toxic shock

Cyanobacteria

Oscillatoria

Filamentous

No stain

Photo

Facultative

Nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis

Stromatolite

Layer biochemical structures formed they cementation if biofilm By Cyanobacteria

Oldest fossil 3.5 byo

Only organism for 1.5 bya

Extremophiles

grow best in one or more conditions that would kill most organisms

bioremediation

Use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil air or water

Prostist are all eukaryotes except

Land plants fungi and animals

Paraphyletic group

Four super groups

Excavata

SAR

Archaeplastida

Unikonta

Autogensis

Unfolding of prokaryotic plasma membrane lead to compartmentalization

Endosymbiosis

One organisms lives inside the cell or cells of the other organism

Plastid

Double membrane organelle

Excavta

Excavated groove

Free living symbiotic parasite forms

Reduced or modified mitochondria

Multiple flagella

Similar cytoskeleton

Excavata supergroup

Diplomonads clade

Giardia lamblia

internal parasite to vertebrates

Giardiasis infection from drinking contaminated water

Excavata supergroup

Class parabasalids

Trichomonas vaginalis

Hydrogenosomes

Vaginitis std from skin to skin contact

Excavata supergroup

Euglenozoans clade 1

Euglenids clade 2

Euglena sp.

Mixtrophic