Geography - Changing population (copy)

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32 Terms

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Stage 1

High and variable:

  • high birth and death rates

  • population growth fluctuates

  • only tribes are at this stage

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Stage 2

Early expanding:

  • high birth rates, low death rates

  • population growth is rapid

  • ex: Afghanistan, Sudan, Libya

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Stage 3

Late expanding:

  • drop in birth rates, low death rate

  • slow population rate

  • ex: Brazil, Argentina

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Stage 4

Low and variable:

  • birth and death rates are low

  • population growth fluctuates

  • ex: UK, Canada

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Stage 5

Low declining:

  • birth rates are lower than death rates

  • population declines

  • ex: Japan

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Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of birth per woman

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Life expectancy

The average number of years that I person is expected to live.

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Dependency ratios

Measures the working population and dependent population.

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Causes of forced migration

  • Conflict

  • Development

  • Disaster

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Pro-natalist policy

Wishes from the government to increase its population size

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Anti-natalist policy

Wishes from the government to limit its population size

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GNI (Gross national income)

Measure of a country’s total economic output

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First world country

Developed country

ex: USA, Netherlands, France

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Second world country

Aligned to the Eastern/Soviet bloc

ex: Poland, Hungary, Romania

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Third world country

Developing country

ex: Brazil, South Africa, Egypt

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Population Distribution

The arrangement or spread of people across a particular area or region.

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Population Density

The number of people living per unit of area.

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Demography

The scientific study of human population (including size, distribution…)

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Overpopulation

A situation where the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

ex: India, China, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia

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Population pyramid

A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population displayed in a pyramid.

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Dependency ratio

Measure of the proportion of the economically dependent population to the economically productive population in a given area.

"The aging population in Japan has resulted in a higher dependency ratio, with a larger proportion of elderly individuals compared to the working-age population, placing a tension on the country's social welfare systems."

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Death/Mortality rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population within a specific period, typically a year.

ex: Japan, Sweden, Iceland (low)

Chad, Afghanistan, Bolivia (high)

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Push factors

Conditions that encourage or force individuals to leave their current location and migrate somewhere else.

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Pull factors

Conditions that attract individuals to migrate to a particular location or country.

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Voluntary Migration

When individuals choose to move for reasons such as better employment opportunities, education, or quality of life.

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Refugees

Individuals forced to leave their country due to persecution, war, or violence and seek refuge in another country.

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Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

People forced to leave their homes but remain in the same country.

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Sustainable Population Growth

Population growth that is maintained without damaging resources and the environment, ensuring a balanced relationship between people and the environment.

ex: Scandinavian countries, Netherlands, Australia

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Megacities

Extremely large cities, typically with populations exceeding 10 million people.

ex: SĂŁo Paulo, Tokyo, Shanghai

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Urbanization

The process by which a growing population lives in urban areas (cities) rather than rural areas.

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Underpopulation

When the population of an area is too small to utilize the available resources effectively.

ex: Mongolia, Estonia, Greenland

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Population distribution

The arrangement of people in a given area, indicating where people live within a region or country.

ex: "China's population distribution is significant in its coastal provinces, particularly in cities like Shanghai and Beijing”